Psych Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Anterograde amnesia
A
a type of memory loss that occurs when you can’t form new memories. I
2
Q
Association
A
mental connection between concepts, events, or mental states that usually stems from specific experiences.
3
Q
Association by contiguity
A
The principle that ideas, memories, and experiences are linked when one is frequently experienced with the other
4
Q
Association by similarity
A
The sensation or idea of a particular object tends to evoke the idea of something that is similar to it.
5
Q
Attention
A
the concentration of awareness on some phenomenon to the exclusion of other stimuli.
6
Q
Automatic processes
A
Automatic and controlled processes are the two categories of cognitive processin
7
Q
Central executive
A
The central executive is the boss of the working memory model. It directs attention to the two slave systems: the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad.
8
Q
Chunking
A
The process by which the mind divides large pieces of information into smaller units (chunks) that are easier to retain in short-term memory
9
Q
Consciousness
A
your individual awareness of your unique thoughts, memories, feelings, sensations, and environments.
10
Q
Consolidation
A
the neurobiological processes by which a permanent memory is formed following a learning experience.
11
Q
Control processes
A
an intentionally-initiated sequence of cognitive activities
12
Q
Dual-processing theories
A
The theory that the response made by an individual to a stimulus that permits behavioral control involves two stages: (a) a decision as to whether or not to respond and (b) a choice between alternative responses.
13
Q
Echoic memory
A
Echoic memory, or auditory sensory memory, is a type of sensory memory
14
Q
Elaboration
A
the process of interpreting or embellishing information to be remembered or of relating it to other material already known and in memory
15
Q
Encoding
A
he initial experience of perceiving and learning information.
16
Q
Episodic memory
A
the conscious recollection of a personal experience that contains information on what has happened and also where and when it happened.
17
Q
Executive functions
A
The mental processes that enable us to plan, focus attention, remember instructions, and juggle multiple tasks successfully.
18
Q
Explicit memory
A
or declarative memory requires conscious recall; it consists of information that is consciously stored or retrieved.
19
Q
iconic memory
A
or visual sensory memory, holds visual information.
20
Q
Implicit memory
A
a form of long-term memory that doesn’t require any conscious retrieval. procedural memory, priming, and conditioning
21
Q
Infantile amnesia
A
he inability of adults to recollect early episodic memories
22
Q
Long-term memory (LTM)
A
unlimited storage information to be maintained for long periods, even for life
23
Q
Maintenance rehearsal
A
Repeating items over and over to maintain them in short-term memory
24
Q
Memory
A
Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed. It is the retention of information over time for the purpose of influencing future action
25
Memory stores
storage, encoding, and retrieval. The first stage, storage, is the placement of new information into memory. The second stage, encoding, makes the stored information easier to retrieve through attachment to previously stored information.
26
Phonological loop
a component of working memory model that deals with auditory information.
27
Preattentive processing
cognitive processing of a stimulus that occurs nonconsciously before attention has focused on this particular stimulus from among the array of those present in a given environment.
28
Priming
Priming is a phenomenon whereby exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention.
29
Procedural memory
the memory system in charge of the encoding, storage, and retrieval of the procedures (rather than episodes) that underlie motor, visuospatial, or cognitive skills.
30
Retrieval
the process of recovering or locating information stored in memory
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Retrieval cue
aspects of an individual's physical and cognitive environment which aid the recall process
32
Retrograde amnesia
amnesia where you can't recall memories that were formed before the event that caused the amnesia
33
Schema
a schema describes a pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them
34
Scripts
In the behaviorism approach to psychology, behavioral scripts are a sequence of expected behaviors for a given situation
35
Semantic memory
the study of how meaning is stored in the mind.
36
Sensory memory
mental representation of how environmental events look, sound, feel, smell and taste.
37
Short-term memory (STM)
the memory systems in the brain involved in remembering pieces of information for a short period of time, often up to 30 seconds
38
Stroop interference effect
our tendency to experience difficulty naming a physical color when it is used to spell the name of a different color.
39
Visuospatial sketchpad
the component of working memory that processes visual information (the visual cache) and spatial information (the inner scribe).
40
Working memory (WM)
the small amount of information that can be held in mind and used in the execution of cognitive tasks
41
Analogy
a method of argument that relies on an inference that a similarity between two or more entities in some attributes justifies a probable assumption that they will be similar in other attributes
42
Availability bias
the human tendency to rely on information that comes readily to mind when evaluating situations or making decisions
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Confirmation bias
the tendency to seek out and prefer information that supports our preexisting beliefs
44
Crystalized intelligence
reflected in a person's general knowledge, vocabulary, and reasoning based on acquired information
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Deductive reasoning
a logical approach where you progress from general ideas to specific conclusions
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Fluid intelligence
is the ability to think abstractly, reason quickly and problem solve independent of any previously acquired knowledge.
47
Functional fixedness
a cognitive bias that impacts an individual's ability to be creative
48
General intelligence
General intelligence can be defined as a construct that is made up of different cognitive abilities.
49
Heritability
a measure of how well differences in people's genes account for differences in their traits.
50
Inductive reasoning
a logical process in which multiple premises, all believed true or found true most of the time, are combined to obtain a specific conclusion
51
Insight problems
a problem that requires the examinee to shift his or her perceptive and view the problem in a novel way in order to achieve the solution.
52
Intelligence
the ability to derive information, learn from experience, adapt to the environment, understand, and correctly utilize thought and reason
53
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
An intelligence quotient is a total score derived from a set of standardized tests or subtests designed to assess human intelligence.
54
Mental set
a set is a group of expectations that shape experience by making people especially sensitive to specific kinds of information
55
Nature-nurture debate
Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception
56
Predictable-world bias
People believe they can predict random events.
57
Stereotype threat
socially premised psychological threat that arises when one is in a situation or doing something for which a negative stereotype about one's group applies”
58
Accommodation
Jean Piaget, the term accommodation refers to the part of the adaptation process
59
Assimilation
the cognitive process of making new information fit in with your existing understanding of the world
60
Centration
Piagetian theory, the tendency of children in the preoperational stage to attend to one aspect of a problem, object, or situation at a time, to the exclusion of others.
61
Concrete-operational
characterized by logical operations, such as conservation, reversibility or classification, allowing logical reasoning.
62
schemes
cognitive structure that contains an organized plan for an activity, thus representing generalized knowledge about an entity and serving to guide behavior.
63
Creole language
a language that has evolved from profound and prolonged contact between two or more languages and both shares features of the present languages and evolves altogether novel features.
64
Decentration
Piagetian theory, the gradual progression of a child away from egocentrism toward a reality shared with others.
65
Developmental psychology
Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why humans grow, change, and adapt across the course of their lives.
66
Egocentricity
the cognitive shortcomings that underlie the failure, in both children and adults, to recognize the idiosyncratic nature of one's knowledge or the subjective nature of one's perceptions.
67
embryonic phase
The roughly 6-week period in which the three-layered embryo (gastrula) develops.
68
Fetal phase
the final stage of human prenatal development, from the 8th or 9th week after fertilization to the time of birth.
69
Formal-operational schemes
The ability to formulatehypotheses and systematically test them to arrive at an answer to a problem
70
Grammar
The set of rules a language obeys for creating words and sentences.
71
Language-acquisition device (LAD)
a hypothetical tool in the human brain that lets children learn and understand language quickly
72
Language-acquisition support system
(LASS)
the adults and older children who help a young child to acquire language.
73
Morphemes
a unit of meaning that cannot be analyzed into smaller such units.
74
Object permanence
understanding that items and people still exist even when you can't see or hear them.
75
Operations
a type of cognitive scheme that is mental (i.e., requires symbols), derives from action, exists in an organized system in which it is integrated with all other operations (structures of the whole), and follows a set of logical rules, most importantly that of reversibility
76
Phonemes
the smallest units of sound that are recognizable as human speech and make words distinct from one another,
77
Pidgin language
an improvised contact language incorporating elements of two or more languages, often devised for purposes of basic commerce, such as trading.
78
Preoperational schemes
The second major period in the Piagetian theory of cognitive development, occurring approximately between the ages of 2 and 7, when the child becomes able to record experience in a symbolic fashion and to represent an object, event, or feeling in speech, movement, drawing, and the like.
79
Puberty
the stage of development when the genital organs reach maturity and secondary sex characteristics begin to appear, signaling the start of adolescence.
80
Scaffolding
process "that enables a child or novice to solve a task or achieve a goal that would be beyond his unassisted efforts."
81
Sensorimotor schemes
mental representations of motor actions that are used to obtain a goal
82
Shared attention
s to moments when a child and adult are focused on the same thing
83
Social referencing
he process wherein infants use the affective displays of an adult to regulate their behaviors toward environmental objects, persons, and situations.
84
Syntax
the cognitive capacity of human beings that allows us to connect linguistic meaning with linguistic form
85
Teratogens
An agent that induces developmental abnormalities in a fetus.
86
Theory of mind
theory of mind refers to the capacity to understand other people by ascribing mental states to them.
87
Attachment
Attachment theory is a psychological, evolutionary and ethological theory concerning relationships between humans.
88
Disorganized/disoriented attachment
a form of insecure attachment in which infants show no coherent or consistent behavior during separation from and reunion with their parents.
89
Emerging adulthood
a period of development spanning from about ages 18 to 29, experienced by most people in their twenties in Westernized cultures and perhaps in other parts of the world as well
90
Gender identity
The individual's own psychological perception of being male, female, neither, both, or somewhere in between
91
Insecure-avoidant attachment
an attachment pattern identified by Ainsworth using the Strange Situation. This attachment type is willing to explore but does not seek proximity to the caregiver.
92
Insecure-resistant attachment
the young child who can signal his distress but has great difficulty getting effective comfort from the caregiver.
93
Prosocial behavior
is a social behavior that "benefit[s] other people or society as a whole", "such as helping, sharing, donating, co-operating, and volunteering"
94
Secure attachment
an attachment where a child feels comforted by the presence of their caregiver.
95
Strange-situation test
an experimental technique used to assess quality of attachment in infants and young children
96
Infancy
the earliest period of postnatal life, in humans generally denoting the time from birth through the first year
97
Adolescence
the period of human development that starts with puberty (10–12 years of age) and ends with physiological maturity (approximately 19 years of age)
98
Adulthood
the period of human development in which full physical growth and maturity have been achieved and certain biological, cognitive, social, personality, and other changes associated with the aging process occur.
99
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
children's intelligence undergoes changes as they grow (little scientists)
100
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
the idea that infants develop new social and cognitive skills through interactions with older individuals (little apprentices)
101
The information processing theory
an approach to cognitive development studies that aims to explain how information is encoded into memory. It is based on the idea that humans do not merely respond to stimuli from the environment. Instead, humans process the information they receive.
102
Inhibition
conscious or unconscious constraint or curtailment of a process or behaviour, especially of impulses or desires.
103
Processing speed
a measure of the time required to respond to and/or process information in one's environment.
104
Folk psychology
In philosophy of mind and cognitive science, folk psychology, or commonsense psychology, is a human capacity to explain and predict the behavior and mental state of other people
105
Social psychology
the branch of psychology that deals with social interactions, including their origins and their effects on the individual.
106
Social development
the gradual acquisition of certain skills (e.g., language, interpersonal skills), attitudes, relationships, and behavior that enable the individual to interact with others and to function as a member of society.
107
Harry Harlow’s studies with monkeys
Harlow removed young monkeys from their natural mothers a few hours after birth and left them to be "raised" by these mother surrogates. The experiment demonstrated that the baby monkeys spent significantly more time with their cloth mother than with their wire mother.
108
John Bowlby’s work
John Bowlby (1907-1990) John Bowlby was a 20th century psychologist and psychiatrist best known for his research into attachment formation and his development of attachment theory.
109
Mary Ainsworth
Mary Dinsmore Ainsworth was an American-Canadian developmental psychologist known for her work in the development of the attachment theory. She designed the strange situation procedure to observe early emotional attachment between a child and its primary caregiver
110
Erikson’s 3 stages of social development:
Autonomy – self-control
Initiative – willingness to initiate actions
Industry – competence in completing tasks
111
Authoritarian
an extremely strict parenting style. It places high expectations on children with little responsiveness.
112
uninvolved
a style of parenting where parents don't respond to their child's needs or desires beyond the basics of food, clothing, and shelter.
113
Authoritative permissive
a style of child-rearing that features two key traits: being nurturing and warm (which is good for kids), and. being reluctant to impose limits (which is problematic).
114
Developmental functions of play
facilitate physical, emotional, cognitive, social, and moral development
115
Sex differences in “desire”
men were more likely than women to report a higher level of sexual desire than their partner
