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Freshman Exams :,,) > Honors Midterm > Flashcards

Honors Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

1
“Know Nothing Party”

A

Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.

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2
Q

1648 Treaty of Westphalia

A

this treaty is often regarded as the beginning of the idea of the nation- state, since for the first time it connected the idea of state powers with the culture and identity of a national community.

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3
Q

Anfal Campaign

A

A genocidal campaign waged by the Iraqi army in 1988 against its Kurdish population. Mustard gas and nerve agents were used against civilians.

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4
Q

Apartheid

A

Afrikaans for apartness, it was the segregation of blacks in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. It was created to keep the white minority in power and allow them to have almost total control over the black majority.

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5
Q

Armenian Genocide

A

April 24th 1915
deported Armenians from their villages
death marches
1.5 million dead
little to no justice
gov does not recognize it at genocide
justice=memeroil
Turkish Sultan Abdul Hamid II feared that Americians were not loyal because they were Christian

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6
Q

Art and Transitional Justice

A

art can be transitional justice
symbolic reparations
documentary theatre that tells victims stories
photo exhibitions
long lasting peace

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7
Q

Buchenwald

A

German concentration camp, Weimer Germany, 56,000 victims, 13,000 transferred, built by prisoners
turned into a memorial

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8
Q

Cambodia

A

April 17, 1975 (the Khmer Rouge overthrew Lon Nol)
-Pol Pot, leader
-Goal: communist agrarian utopia
-targets: Educated people like doctors or teachers, —the middle class, ethnic or national minorities, and anyone in opposition to the Khmer Rouge
-1.7 and 2 million Cambodians dead
-The Vietnamese invasion ended the genocide, in 1979
-2001 ECCC courts tries leaders

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9
Q

Constructivism

A

Identities are not given but social contrasted

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10
Q

Creation of Law of War

A

international law that regulates the conditions for war (jus ad bellum) and the conduct of warring parties (jus in bello). Laws of war define sovereignty and nationhood, states and territories, occupation, and other critical terms of international law.

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11
Q

Crimes against humanity

A

a deliberate act, typically as part of a systematic campaign, that causes human suffering or death on a large scale.

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12
Q

Cultural relativism

A

the practice of judging and understanding a society by its own standards

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13
Q

Dachau

A

this was the first concentration camp in Nazi, Germany. served as model for other CC camps, 200,000 people were killed here. american freed soldiers

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14
Q

Deaths in Holocaust

A

11 million ( 6 million jews)

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15
Q

Demagoguery

A

speech that attempts to win over an audience through appealing to their prejudices and emotions, particularly those of fear, anger, and frustration

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16
Q

Discrimination

A

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

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17
Q

Elite manipulation paradigm (Ingelare)

A

-desire of the Rwandan elite to stay in power
-RPF invasion and the following war, the international power-sharing agreement and the pressure for democratization followed by the birth of the political opposition all threatened the monopoly of power and the privileges of Rwanda’s elite

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18
Q

Empathy

A

the ability to understand and share the feelings of another

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19
Q

Empirical

A

facts
veritable information
proven
excludes basis

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20
Q

Ethnic group

A

Group of people who share common ancestry, language, religion, customs, or combination of such characteristics

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21
Q

Gacaca

A

Community courts established in Rwanda to try low-level officials and ordinary people accused of taking part in the Rwandan genocide. The purpose of these courts was to speed up the process of bringing to justice those who had participated in the genocide and to encourage reconciliation.

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22
Q

Generations of human rights

A

(1) civil and political rights
(2) economic, social and cultural rights
(3) collective or solidarity rights

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23
Q

Geneva Conventions

A

a series of international agreements that set rules for proper conduct toward sick and wounded enemy soldiers and the civilians who take care of them

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24
Q

Genocide

A

Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group

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25
Genocide Convention
Treaty declaring illegal any acts intended to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group
26
Hiroshima
City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.
27
Human Rights Conventions
convention to figure out what are Fundamental rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled and make a guide line for countries to follow
28
Ideology
a system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.
29
Impunity
immunity from punishment or penalty
30
In group/out group
In-group: social group with which a person experiences a sense of belonging or identifies as a member Out-group: social group with which an individual does not identify Negative feelings towards an out-group are not based on a sense of dislike, but favoritism for the in-group and absence of favoritism for the out-group
31
Instrumentalism theory
the government contrasts identities. says who is elite , who to fear. they pit groups against each other for political gain
32
International Committee for the Red Cross (1863)
Henry Dunant set up the International Committee for Relief to the Wounded
33
International Court of Justice
a court established to settle disputes between members of the United Nations
34
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
created to prosecute the Hutu extremists
35
John Locke
English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.
36
Kosovo
The Kosovo War was an armed conflict in Kosovo that started 1998 and lasted until 1999. It was fought by the forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which controlled Kosovo before the war, and the Kosovo Albanian rebel group known as the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA). The conflict ended when NATO intervened by beginning air strikes in March 1999 which resulted in Yugoslav forces withdrawing from Kosovo.
37
Kurds
Ethnic group that lives in parts of Iraq and Turkey. They often suffer persecution in both countries, and are currently under the protection of the United Nations in Iraq.
38
League of Nations
an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations, failed
39
Levels of Analysis
the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
40
Local Justice
indigous norms, traditional mechanisms, healing rituals to repair communities affected by mass atrocities
41
Local transitional justice
community based
42
Memorials
anything that helps people remember past events
43
Memory and international justice
From the perspective of human rights, memories are arguably a type of opinions, which means that the right to express opinions includes the right to express memories.
44
Minority Groups
people who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination
45
Mismeasure of Man
A book that showed the history of psychology and criticizes past techniques for showing that minorities were inherently dumber.
46
Nations
A nation is a community of people composed of one or more ethnicities and possessing a more or less defined territory and government, usually formed on the basis of a combination of shared features such as language, history, ethnicity, culture and/or society.
47
Nativism
A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones
48
Normative information
option bases cannot be proven ideas judgments
49
Nuremburg Trials
Series of trials conducted by an International Military Tribunal in which former Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes (790) 1945
50
Operation Provide Comfort
April 1991 Humanitarian airlift that provided blankets tents and food to displaced Kurds in northern Iraq following the Persian Gulf war. UN Security council authorized humanitarian relief effort. Irawi troops defeated a Kurdish rebellion in northern Iraq in April 1991, More then a million Kurds fled to Iran and Turkey to avoid massacres.
51
Padelford letters
Frederick M. Padelford letter to his father Adoniram Padelford regarding the financial struggles of life in the West and the possibility of returning to the East, July, 31, 1907
52
Plausible Deniability (Power)
Ability of people, typically senior officials in a formal or informal chain of command, to deny knowledge of or responsibility for actions committed by members of their organizational hierarchy.
53
Populism
the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite
54
Prejudice
harm or injury that results or may result from some action or judgment.
55
Primordialism theory
group conflicts are inherited by human nature
56
Psychological theories
explanations for political behavior based on psychological analysis of political actors' motives
57
Punitive Justice
Laws that rely on punishment as a deterrent to criminal activity
58
Racial group
a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance
59
Ralph Lemkin
person who coined the term genocide
60
Reflexivity
analyzing and critically considering our own role in, and effect on, our research
61
Reparations
Payment for war damages
62
Restitution
the act of restoring someone or something to the rightful owner or to a former state or position; making good on a loss or damage
63
Restorative Justice
punishment designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an offender's criminal act - south Africa: restorative justice practices of confession, asking for forgiveness and the whole family taking responsibility for the act and reconciliation were not present in this case, the compensation benefits the society and is thus a positive move towards restoration.
64
Retribution
a repayment; a deserved punishment
65
Romeo Dallaire
the Canadian Major General who led the UN peacekeeping mission in Rwanda
66
Rule of Law
principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern
67
Rwandan genocide
The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994. The conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres caught the United Nations off-guard. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.
68
Sneetches
Two types of creatures, separated by having or not having stars on their bellies.
69
Social Construction of Race
the school of thought that race is not biologically identifiable
70
Sovereignty
Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.
71
States
a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government.
72
Targets of Holocaust
Those considered undesirable in the Nazi State
73
The Hague
Location of the International Court of Justice, which rules on disputes between states.
74
Transitional justice
the many different types of judicial and nonjudicial actions used to address human rights abuses
75
Triangulation
the use of multiple research methods as a way of producing more reliable empirical data than are available from any single method
76
tribunals
a court of justice
77
Truth and Reconciliation Commissions
groups formed to bring together those who have suffered under ethnic conflict to resolve their differences and move forward south afica rwanda
78
Tutsi/Hutus
tutsi rich hutu poor belgium made enithic group
79
Types of Justice
punitive local internationsl transtional memorial repartions truth and recontiltion comissions
80
UN General Assembly
a body composed of representatives of all states that allocates UN funds, passes nonbinding resolutions, and coordinates third world development programs and various autonomous agencies through the Economic and Social Council
81
UN Secretary-General
the head of the UN Secretariat, the UN's administrative leader elected by the UNGA at the recommendation of the UNSC
82
UN Security Council
A 15-member panel which bears the UN's major responsibility for keeping international peace.
83
UNAMIR
United Nations Assistance Mission in Rwanda; 1993-1996. Failure, 800,000 died. UN peacekeepers severely under-armed and were only focusing on getting foreigners and important political figures out
84
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
A 1948 statement in which the United Nations declared that all human beings have rights to life, liberty, and security.
85
Universalism
the ethical system stating that all people should uphold certain values that society needs to function
86
UNSC 688
1st time the UN specially the united states would break sovenrity to stop the voliantion of human right iraq
87
Veil of Ignorance
To assure fairness, we must presume that the hypothetical rational agents negotiate an agreement from a perspective of complete equality. Thus they must be presumed to negotiate without knowing what benefits they will receive from the agreement.
88
Verification
the process of establishing the truth, accuracy, or validity of something.
89
Victor’s Justice
numberg trails gacaca Victor's justice generally involves the excessive or unjustified punishment of defeated parties and the light punishment of or clemency for offenses which have been committed by victors.
90
War crimes
wartime acts of cruelty and brutality that are judged beyond the accepted rules of war and human behavior
91
Winston Churchill
A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.
92
Xenophobia
fear of foreigners
93
International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia
The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was a United Nations court of law that dealt with war crimes that took place during the conflicts in the Balkans in the 1990s.
94
Darfur/Sudan
Protests against Sudan government because of the lack of care. Organized Arab militias fought the rebels. 5 million people were affected, many towns were destroyed
95
South Africa
the ICC targets South Africa with cases because they don’t it is believed that they don’t have their own Justice systems
96
Padelfort letters
head secretary sent 24 letters to family and personal accounts, led to new perspective of global peace
97
Argentina
Aka the dirty war 9-30,000 people “were. disappeared”, thousands were kidnapped, tortured, and held without trial. from 1976 to 1983 Argentina’s military dictatorship went against suspected left-wing political opponents 1978 World Cup. Created a political enemy without a racial/ethnic component
98
Distributive
Giving resources
99
procedural
Implementing decisions due to fair process, consistently applied

Freshman Exams :,,) (9 decks)

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