Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Freshman Exams :,,) > Psych Exam 1 > Flashcards

Psych Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Behavior

A

Observable actions of a person or animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

The research specialty that attempts to explain psychological differences among individuals in terms of differences in their genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Behavioral neuroscience

A

Research specialty that attempts explaining behavior in terms of processes within the nervous system using invasive research techniques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bio psychology

A

The branch of psychology that studies the way hormones and drugs act on the brain to alter behavior and experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

Research specialty that attempts to explain cognition in terms of processes occurring within the nervous system using noninvasive techniques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

Research specialty that attempts to explain behavior or experiences in terms of cognitions that underlie the behavior or experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Developmental psychology

A

The branch of psychology that charts changes in people’s abilities and styles of behaving as they get older and tries to understand the factors that produce or influence these changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Empiricism

A

The idea that all human knowledge and thought ultimately come from the sensory experience; the philosophical approach to understanding the mind that is based on that idea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Research specialty that attempts to explain how or why specific behavioral characteristics would have come about, by natural selection, in the course of evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Materialism

A

Hobbes’ theory proposing that nothing exists but matter and energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mind

A

The entire set of an individuals sensations, perceptions, memories, thoughts, dreams, motives, emotional feelings, and other subjective experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nativism

A

The idea that certain elementary ideas are innate to the human mind and do not need to be gained through experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Psychology

A

The science of behavior and the mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Science

A

An approach to answering questions that is based on the systematic collection and logical analysis of objectivity observable date

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Social psychology

A

The branch of psychology that attempts to understand how the behavior and subjective experiences of individuals are influenced by the actual or imagined presence of other people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

History of Psychology

A

Wilhelm Wundt opened the first university-based psychology lab in Germany.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dualism

A

The church saw that each human had two distinct conjoined entities, a material body and a immaterial soul

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Descartes and Dualism

A

He believed that very complex behaviors could occur purely through mechanical means, without the involvement of the sou

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Materialism

A

Argues that the soul is a meaningless concept and that nothing exists but matter and energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

types of psychology

A

There are different types of psychology, such as cognitive, forensic, social, and developmental psychology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Biological Processes:
Neural Explanations

A

All behaviors are products of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Biological Processes: Physiological explanations

A

Study the way hormones and drugs act on the brain or alter behavior or experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Biological Processes: genetic explanations

A

Genes are the units of heredity that provide the code of building he entire body including the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Biological Processes: Evolutionary explanations

A

All the basic biological machinery underlying behavior is a product of evolution by natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Psychology specialties: learning psychology

A

Most directly concerned with explaining behavior in terms of learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Psychology specialties: cognitive psychology

A

Information that includes thoughts beliefs, and all forms of memories, never measured directly but is inferred by from observable behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Psychology specialties: Social psychology

A

How mental experiences influence other people or by one’s beliefs about other people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Psychology specialties: Cultural psychology

A

Explains mental experiences and behavior in terms of a person’s cultural background

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Psychology specialties: Developmental psychology

A

Documents and describes the typical age differences in how people think, feel, and act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Bias

A

A technical term referring to non random effects on research results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Biased sample

A

A subset of the population under study that is not representative of the population as a whole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

blind

A

When the people who collect information in a study are purposely kept uninformed as to not bias the results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A numerical measure of the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

dependent variable

A

The variable that is dependent upon another variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Mathematical methods for summarizing sets of data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Double blind experiment

A

An experiment where both the observer and subjects are blind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Experiment

A

A research design for testing hypotheses about cause-effect relationships, in which the researcher manipulates one variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Field study

A

Any scientific research study in which date are collected in a setting other than the lab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

Changes in a subject’s behavior as a result of a reflexive response that occurs when the stimulus knows they are being watched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Hypothesis

A

A specific prediction about what will be observe in a research study, usually derived from a more general conception or theory q

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Independent variable

A

The condition that the researcher varies in order to assess its effect upon other variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Mathematical methods for helping researchers determine how confident they can be

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Laboratory study

A

Any research study in which the subjects are brought to a specifically designated area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Operational definition

A

Defining something in terms of the operations by which it could be observed and measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Placebo

A

In inactive substance given to subjects assigned to the non drug group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Reliability

A

Degree to which a measurement system produces similar results each time it is used with a set of subjects under certain conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Standard deviation

A

A measurement of the variability in a set of scores, determined by taking the square root of the deviance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Statistically significant

A

A statistical statement of how small the likelihood is that an obtained result occurred by chance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Validity

A

Degree ri wug get a measurement system actually measures the characteristics that it is supposed to measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Variability

A

The degree to which the individual numbers in a set of numbers differ from one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Variable

A

Anything that can change or assume different values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Scientific Method

A

Observation, Theory, Hypothesis, Experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Research design: Within-Subject Experiment

A

A number of subject experiments are each tested in each condition of the independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Research design: Between Groups Experiment

A

There is a separate group of subjects for each different condition of the independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Research Strategies: research design

A

Three basic types: experiments, correlational studies, and descriptive studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Research Strategies: Setting

A

Field and laboratory studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Research Strategies: Data collection method

A

Self-report and observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Data collection methods: self report

A

Procedures in which people are asked to rate or describe their own behavior or mental state in some way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Data collection methods: observational

A

Includes all procedures by which researchers observe and record the behavior of interest rather than relying on the subject’s self reports

60
Q

Statistical methods: descriptive statistics

A

Mean and median, variability (the degree to which the numbers in the set differ from one another and from their mean), standard deviation, correlation coefficient (a strong correlation is close to 1 or -1)

61
Q

Human Ethics

A

Right to privacy, the possibility of discomfort or harm, the use of deception

62
Q

Animal Ethics

A

Balance the animals suffering against the potential benefits of the research

63
Q

Adaptation

A

University and reliably developing inherited feature that arose as a result of natural selection and helped to solve some problem of survival

64
Q

Aggression

A

Fighting and threats of fighting among members of the same species

65
Q

Alleles

A

Different genes that can occupy the same locus on a pair of chromosomes and thus can potentially pair with one another

66
Q

Altruism

A

A types of helping behavior in which an individual increases the survival chance or reproductive capacity capacity of another individual which decreasing its own survival chance or reproductive capacity

67
Q

Artificial selection

A

The deliberate selective breeding of animals or planets by humans for the purpose of modifying the genetic makeup of future generations

68
Q

Chromosomes

A

The structures within the cell nucleus that contain the genetic material

69
Q

DNA

A

A long, self replicating molecule that constitutes a gene

70
Q

Epigenetics

A

Field that examines gene-regulating activity, with no changes to actual DNA, that can have lasting effects for one or more generations

71
Q

Evolution

A

The long-term adaptive process, spanning generations, that equips each species for life in its ever-changing natural habitat

72
Q

Genes

A

Component of long molecules of DNA that codes for a particular protein; the basic unit of heredity

73
Q

Genotype

A

The set of genes inherited of the individual

74
Q

Helping

A

Any behavior that increases the survival chance or reproductive capacity of another individual

75
Q

Monogamy

A

One female and one male; equivalent male and female parental investment

76
Q

Mutation

A

Errors that occasionally and unpredictability occur during DNA replication, producing a “replica” that is different from the original source of all genetic variability

77
Q

Natural selection

A

The selective breeding that results from the obstacles to reproduction that are imposed by the natural environment, the driving force of evolution

78
Q

Normal distribution

A

A bell-shaped frequency distribution in which the mean, median, and mode are identical

79
Q

Parental investment

A

The time, energy, and risk to survival involved in producing, deeding, and caring for each offspring

80
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable properties of an individuals body and behavior

81
Q

Polyandry

A

One female with more than one male; high male and low female investment

82
Q

Polygyny

A

One male with more than one female; high female and low male parental investment (most species are polygynous)

83
Q

Promiscuity

A

A group consisting of more than one male and more than one female; group investment

84
Q

Recessive

A

A gene that produces its observable effects only if the Indios homozygous

85
Q

Selective breeding

A

The mating of those members of a strain of animals or plans that manifest a particular characteristic

86
Q

Species-typical behavior

A

Any behavior pattern that is so characteristic of a given species of animal that is can be used or help identify that species

87
Q

How genes affect behavior

A

Genes never produce or control behavior directly; genes are associated with behavior

88
Q

Evolution by Natural Selection

A

Genetic diversity provides the material for natural selection, environmental change provides the force for natural selection, evolution has no foresight

89
Q

Sex Differences in Aggression

A

Male primates are generally more violent than female primates

90
Q

Action potentials

A

Neural impulses; the all or nothing electrical bursts that begin at one end of the axon of a neuron and move along the axon to the other end

91
Q

Amygdala

A

A brain structure that us part if rage lambic system and is particularly important for evaluating he emotional and motivational significance of stimuli and generating emotional responses

92
Q

Androgen

A

A category of hormones, including testosterone, which are produced by the testes in male animals and are normally thought of as “male hormones”

93
Q

Association areas

A

Areas of the cerebral cortex that receive input from the primary or secondary sensory areas for more than one modality (such as vision and hearing) and are involved in associating this input with stored memories, in the process of perception, thought, and decision making

94
Q

Axon

A

A think, tube-like extension from a neuron that is specialized to carry neural impulses (action potentials) to other cells

95
Q

Axon terminal

A

A swelling at the end of an axon that is designated to release a chemical substance onto another neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell

96
Q

Brainstem

A

A primitive, stalk like portion of the brain that can be thought of as an extension of the spinal cord into the head, it consists of the medulla, pons, and midbrain

97
Q

Cell body

A

The widest part of a neuron, which contains the cell nucleus and the other basic machinery common to all cells

98
Q

Cell membrane

A

The thin, porous outer covering of a neuron or other cell that separates the cell’s intracellular fluid from the extra cellular fluid

99
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord

100
Q

Cerebellum

A

The relatively large, conspicuous, convoluted portion of the brain arranged to the rear side of the brain stem; it is especially important for the coordination of rapid movements

101
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The outermost, evolutionarily newest, and by far the largest portion of the brain; it is divisible into two hemispheres (right and left) and each hemisphere is divisible into four lobes (the occipital, temporal, parietal, and frontal)

102
Q

Corpus callosum

A

A massive bundle of axons connecting the right and the left hemispheres of the higher parts of the brain, including the cerebral cortex

103
Q

Dendrites

A

The thin, tube-like extensions of a neuron that typically branch repeatedly near the neuron’s cell body and are specialized for receiving signals from other neurons

104
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

A record of the electrical activity of the brain that can be obtained by amplifying the weak electrical signals picked up by recording electrodes pasted to the person’s scalp

105
Q

Excitatory synapse

A

A synapse at which the neurotransmitter increases the likelihood that an action potential will occur, or increases the rate at which they are already occurring, in the neuron on which it acts

106
Q

Frontal Lobes

A

The front most lobes of the cerebral cortex, bounded in the rear by rage parietal lobes contain the motto area and parts of the association areas involved in planning and making judgements

107
Q

functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

A method for visually displaying brain activity that is based on the fact that protons in certain molecules can be made to resonate and give off radio waves indicating relative amounts of neural activity in each portion of the brain

108
Q

Hippocampus

A

A structure in the limb is system that is essential for encoding memories for long-term storage

109
Q

Hormones

A

Any chemical substances that is secreted naturally by the body into the blood and can influence physiological processes at specific target issues (such as the brain) and thereby influence behavior

110
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A small brain structure lying just below the thalamus, connected directly to the pituitary gland and to the lambic system, that is especially important for the regulation of motivation, emotion, and the internal physiological conditions of the body

111
Q

Inhibitory synapse

A

A synapse at which the neurotransmitter decreases the likelihood that an action potential will occur, or decrease the rate at which they are already occurring, in the neuron upon which it acts

112
Q

Limbic system

A

An interconnected set of brain structures that form a circuit wrapped around the thalanius and basal ganglia, underneath the cerebral cortex. These structures are especially important for the regulation of emotional and motivation and are involved in the formation of long-term memories

113
Q

Medulla

A

The lowest portion of the brain stem, bounded at one ends by the spinal cord and at the other bony the pons. It is responsible, with the pons, for organizing reflexes more complex than spinal reflexes

114
Q

Midbrain

A

The upper portion of the brain stem, bounded at its lower end by the ponds and at its upper end by the thalamus, that’s contains neural center that organize basic movement patterns

115
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Neurons in the brain that become active both when the individual makes a particular motion and when the individual sees another individual making that same motion. These neurons are believed to felicitate observational learning

116
Q

Motor neurons

A

A neuron that carries messages from the brain or spinal cord, though a nerve, to a muscle or gland

117
Q

Myelin sheath

A

A casing of fatty cells wrapped tightly around the axon of some neurons

118
Q

Nerve

A

A large bundle containing the acorns of many neurons. Located in the peripheral nervous system, nerves connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sensory organs

119
Q

Neurogenesis

A

The creation of new neurons in which neuronal stem cells divide and replicate themselves by mitosis

120
Q

Neuron

A

Single cells in the nervous system that are specialized for carrying information rapidly from one another and integrating information from various sources

121
Q

Neuroscience

A

The research specialty that studies the brain

122
Q

Neurotransmitter (NT)

A

A chemical substance released from the axon terminal of a neuron, at a synapse, that influences the activity if another neuron, a muscle cell, or a glandular cell; also called a transmitter

123
Q

Nucleus

A

In neuroanatomy, a cluster of cell bodies of neurons within the central nervous system

124
Q

Occipital lobes

A

The rearmost lobes do the cerebral cortex, bounded in front by the temporal and parietal lobes; the contain the visual areas of the brain

125
Q

Parietal lobes

A

The lobes of the cerebral cortex that lie in front of the occipital lobes above the temporal lobes, and behind the frontal lobes, they contain the somatosensory areas of the brain

126
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

The entire set of cranial and spinal nerves that connect the central nervous system to the body’s sensory organs, muscles, and glands

127
Q

Pons

A

The portion of the brain stem ray is bounded ay its lower end nu the medulla and its experiences end nu the midbrain and is responsible, with the medulla, for organizing reflexes more complex than spinal reflexes

128
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

A method for visually displaying brain activity that is based upon the uptake of radioactive form of oxygen into active areas of the brain

129
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

The front-most portion of the frontal lobe of the brain’s cerebral cortex

130
Q

Premotor cortex

A

located just anterior to the primary motor cortex, is involved in planning and organizing movements and actions

131
Q

Primary sensory areas

A

Specialized areas of the cerebral cortex that receive input from the sensory nerves and tracts by way of the relay nuclei in the thalamus. They include the visual area (temporal lobe) auditory areas (in the parietal lobe)

132
Q

Resting potential

A

The constant electrical charge that exists across the membrane of an inactive neuron

133
Q

Sensory neurons

A

A neuron that carried messages from a sensory organ, through a nerve, into the brain or spinal cord

134
Q

Somatosensation

A

The set if sense that derive from the whole body-such as from the skin, muscles, and tendons-as opposed to those senses that come from the special sensory organs of the head

135
Q

Synapse

A

The functional connection through which neural activity in the axon of one neuron influences the action of another neuron, a muscle cell, or glandular cell

136
Q

Temporal lobes

A

The lobes of the cerebral cortex that lie in front of the occipital lobes and below the parietal and frontal lobes and that contain the auditory areas of the brain

137
Q

Thalamus

A

The brain structure that sits directly atop the brain stem; it functions as a sensory relay station, connecting incoming sensory tracts to special sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

138
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

A procedure for temporarily altering the responsiveness of a localized area of the cerebral cortex by creating a magnetic field over that brain area

139
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Bundled together to form nerves, carry information from sensory organs into the central nervous system

140
Q

Motor neurons

A

Also bundled into nerves, carry messages out from he central nervous system to operate muscles and glands

141
Q

Interneurons

A

Exist entirely within the CNS carry messages from one set of neurons to another. Interneurons collect, organize, and integrate messages from various sources. They vastly outnumber the other two

142
Q

Functional Organization of Nervous System: sensory perceptual hierarchy

A

Involved with data processing

143
Q

Functional Organization of Nervous System: motor control hierarchy

A

Involved with the control of movement

144
Q

Hormones and Male Sex Drive

A

Testosterone maintains male sex drive over the long term. In rats, this occurs by action on the pre optic areas of the hypothalamus. Confidence boosting events cause increased testosterone secretion on men, which may increase competitiveness or aggression

145
Q

Hormones and Female Sex Drive

A

In nonhuman female mammals, ovarian hormones promote sexual drive at the time of fertility. In humans, adrenal androgens promote sexual receptivity throughout the ovarian cycle

Freshman Exams :,,) (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions