Psych Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Affect
A
Any emotional feeling
2
Q
Central drive system
A
A set of neurons in the brain that most directly promotes a specific motivational state or drive
3
Q
Central state theory of mind
A
The most direst physiological bases for motivational states lie in neural activity in the brain. According to most versions of this theory, different drives correspond to activity in different, localizable sets of neurons
4
Q
circadian rhythm
A
Any cyclic physiological or behavioral change that has a period of about one day even in the absence of external cues signaling the time of day
5
Q
discrete emotion theory
A
The belief that basic emotions are innate and associated with distinctive boldly and facial reactions
6
Q
dopamine
A
One of many neurotransmitter substances in the brains. It is crucial for wanting
7
Q
emotion
A
A subjective feeling that is experienced as directed toward some particular object or event
8
Q
Endorphins
A
Chemicals produced in the body that act like morphine in inhibiting pain
9
Q
Homeostasis
A
The constancy in the body’s internal environment that must be maintained through the expenditure of energy
10
Q
Mood
A
A free floating emotional feeling, not directed at a specific object
11
Q
motivation
A
The entire constellation of factor, some inside the organism and some outside, that cause an individual to behave in a particular time
12
Q
motivational state
A
An internal, reversible condition in an individual that orients the individual toward one or another type of goal. This condition is not observed directly but is inferred from the individuals behavior, also called a drive
13
Q
regulatory drive
A
Sleep, hunger, thirst
14
Q
Non Rem sleep
A
stages 1-3
15
Q
REM Sleep
A
The recurring stage of sleep during which the EEG resembles that of an alert person, rapid eye movement, the large muscles of the body are relaxed, and true dreams are most likely to occur
16
Q
non regulatory drive
A
Sex, achievement
17
Q
principles of motivation
A
Motivational state; regulatory: safety drives, reproductive, social, educative
18
Q
Types of drive
A
Different drives correspond to neural activity in different but overlapping central drive systems
19
Q
liking vs. wanting reward
A
Dopamine is essential for want but not for liking. Endorphins are responsible for liking.
20
Q
Hunger
A
Appetite stimulating and appetite-supressing neurons. Eating a large meal causes physiological changes. Leptin helps regulate body weight by action on the hypothalamus to reduce appetite
21
Q
Sleep
A
Most true dreams occur is REM sleep and sleep thought occurs in non-REM sleep. Light synchronizes the internal clock with the light-dark cycle.
22
Q
Emotions
A
Affect is the degree of arousal and degree of pleasantness or unpleasantness. Psychologists have no consensus on how to classify emotion.
23
Q
theory of emotion
A
Emotional feeling precedes and causes bodily arousal. Intensity of the emotional feeling depends on bodily response, but the type of emotion experienced depends on the cognitive assessment of the external stimulus situation
24
Q
Absolute threshold
A
The faintest stimulus of a given sensation that an individual can detect
25
Amplitude
The amount of physical energy or force exerted by a physical stimulus at any given moment. Related to loudness
26
Basilar membrane
A flexible membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear: the wave-like movement of this structure in response to sound stimulated the receptor cells for hearing
27
Cochlea
A coiled structure in the inner ear which the receptor cells for hearing are located
28
Difference threshold
The minimal difference that must exist between two otherwise similar stimuli for an individual to detect them as different
29
Frequency
Any form of energy that changes in a cyclic or wave like way, the number of cycles or waves that occur during a standard unit of time. Related to pitch
30
Hair cells
The receptor cells of hearing, which are arranged un rows along the basilar membrane of the cochlea in the inner ear
31
Olfaction
Sense of smell
32
Outer ear
The pinna and the auditory canal
33
Perception
The recognition, organization, and meaningful interpretation of sensory stimuli
34
pheromones
A chemical that is released by an animal and that acts on other members of the species to promote so,e specific behavioral or physiological response
35
Phonemes
The various vowel and consonant sounds that provide basis for spoken language
36
Pitch
The quality of the sensation of a sound that is most relayed to the frequency of the physical sound stimulus
37
Psychophysics
The scientific study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and the sensory experiences that the stimuli produces
38
Sensory adaption
The temporary decrease in sensitivity to sensory stimulation that occurs when a sensory system is stimulated for a period of time, and the temporary increase in sensitivity that occurs when a sensory system is not stimulated for a period of time
39
Sensory area
Areas of the brain’s cerebral cortex that receive and analyze input from the body’s senses. Separate sensory areas exist for each distinct sense
40
Sensory receptors
Biological structures that respond to physical stimuli by producing electrical charges that can initiate neural impulses
41
Signal detection theory
The detection of a sensory stimulus is dependent upon both the physical intensity of the stimulus and the physiological state of the perceiver
42
Transduction
The process by which a receptor cell produces an electrical change in response to physical stimulation
43
Sensory processes
Physical stimulus, physiological response, sensory experience
44
Sensory receptors
Sensory receptors respond to physical stimuli with electrical changes, called transduction. Electrical changes can trigger action potentials in sensory neurons.
45
Taste
6 types of taste: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami, and fat. Taste receptors can trigger neural impulses in taste sensory neurons, which send input to the primary taste area in the frontal lobe and to other parts of the brain.
46
Pain
C Fibers and A Delta fibers, two types of pain sensory neurons, mediate two different waves of pain. A delta fibers are responsible for strong and fast pressures. C fibers mediate slower pain. A Delta fibers are myelinated and thicker
47
Amplitude Vs Frequency
Amplitude is related to the loudness. Frequency is relayed to pitch
48
Anatomy of Outer Ear
Pinna and auditory canal
49
Anatomy of Middle Ear
Ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup) and oval window
50
Anatomy of Inner Ear
Cochlea, basilar membrane, hair cells, tectorial membrane, auditory neurons, auditory nerve
51
Binocular Disparity
The cue for depth perception that stems from the separate views that the two eyes have have of any given visual object or scene. The farther ways object is, the more similar are the two views of it
52
Blind Spot
The place in the retina of the eye where the axons of visual sensory neurons come together to form the optic nerve. Because the blind spot lacks reception cells, light that strikes it is not seen
53
Cone vision
The high acuity color vision that occurs in moderate to bright light and is mediated by cones in he retina
54
Cones
Operate in moderate to bright light and are most important for the perception of color and fine detail
55
Rods
The class of receptor cells for vision that are located in the peripheral portions of the retina (away from the fovea) and more most important for seeing in very dim light
56
Cornea
The curved, transparent tissue at the front of the eyeball that helps to focus light rays as they first enter the eye
57
Dark Adaptation
The increased visual sensitivity that occurs when the eyes are exposed for a period of rime to dimmer light than was present before the adaptation period
58
Feature Detectors
Any neuron in the brain that responds to a specific property of a visual stimulus, such as color, orientation, movement, shape and contour
59
Figure
The portion of a visual scene that draws the perceiver’s attention and is interpreted as an object rather than as the background
60
Fovea
The pinhead size area of the retina of he eye in which the cones are concentrated that is specialized for high visual acuity
61
Fusiform face area
Part of the human temporal cortex that us specialized for recognizing familiar faces
62
Similarity
similar elements are visually grouped, regardless of their proximity to each other
63
Law of continuity
the human eye will follow the smoothest path when viewing lines, regardless of how the lines were actually drawn.
64
Closure
the idea that your brain will fill in the missing parts of a design or image to create a whole.
65
Proximity
how close elements are to one another.
66
figure/ground principle
takes advantage of the way the brain processes negative space.
67
The law of symmetry
your brain will perceive ambiguous shapes in as simple a manner as possible.
68
Ground
The portion of visual scene that is interpreted as the background rather than as the object of attention
69
Iris
The colored donut shaped structure in the eye located behind the cornea and in front of the lens that’s controls the size of the pupil and in that way controls the amount of light that can enter the eye’s interior
70
Law of Complimentary
The observation that certain Paris of limited wavelength lights that produce different colors when mixed
71
Lens
The transparent structure behind the iris that helps focus light that passes through the pupil
72
Light adaptation
The decreased visual sensitivity that occurs when the eyes are exposed for a period of time to brighter light than was present before the adaptation period
73
Multisensory integration
The integration of information from different senses by the nervous system
74
Opponent process theory
A theory of color vision designed by Hering to explain the law of complimentary, units cancel out the perception of color when two complementary wavelength ranges are superimposed
75
Own-race bias
The tendency to more easily recognize and remember members of other races
76
Parallel processing
The early steps in the analysis of sensory information that act simultaneously on all of the stimulus elements that are available at any given moment
77
Photoreceptors
Specialized light detecting cells connected to the nervous system in many multicellular animals. They are rods and cones
78
Primary visual area
The area in the rearmost part of the occipital lobe that receives input from the optic nerve and sends output to other visual processing areas of the bran
79
Prosopagnosia
An inability to recognize the faces of familiar people
80
Pupil
The hole in the center of the iris of the eye through which light passes
81
Retina
A thin membrane of cells that lines the rear interior of the eyeball; it contains the receptor cells for vision
82
Reversible figure
A visual stimulus in which any given part Iris seen sometimes as the figure and other tines as the ground
83
Rhodopsin
The photochemical in rods that undergoes structural changes in response to light and thereby initiates the transduction process for rod vision
84
Rod vision
The low acuity, high sensitivity, no color vision that occurs in dim light and is mediated by rods in the retina of the eye
85
Serial processing
The steps in the processing of sensory information that operate sequentially an item at a time, on the available sensory information
86
Texture gradient
A pictorial cue for perceiving depth in which the gradual change in size and density of textured elements indicate depth
87
How we see color
Objects appear colored because their pigments absorb some wavelengths from white and reflect others
88
Visual pathway
Occipital lobe takes place through the what (object recognition), temporal lobe takes place through where and how (moving around objects).
89
Behavior analysis
The use of principles of operant conditioning to predict behavior. From this perspective, one has achieved understanding to the degree to which one can predict and influence future occurrences of behavior
90
Behaviorism
A school of psychological thought that holds that the proper subject of study is observable behavior, not the mind, and that behavior should be understood in terms of its relationship to observable events
91
Classical conditioning
A training procedure or learning experience in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a reflexive response through it’d bring paired with another stimulus that already elicits that reflexive response
92
Conditioned response
A reflexive response that is elicited by a stimulus because of the previous pairing of that stimulus with another stimulus that already elicits a reflexive response
93
Conditioned stimulus
A stimulus that comes to elicit a reflexive response because its previous pairing with another stimulus that already elicits a reflexive response
94
Continuous reinforcement
Any conditioning in which the response is always reinforced
95
Critical period
A relatively restricted time period in an individual’s development during which a particular form of learning can best occur
96
Discriminative stimulus
A stimulus that serves as a signal that a particular response will produce a particular reinforcer
97
Drug tolerance
The phenomenon by which a drug produces successively smaller physiological and behavioral effects, at any given dose, if it is taken repeatedly
98
Extinction
The gradual disappearance of conditioned reflex that results when a conditioned stimulus occurs repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus
99
Fixed-interval schedule
A schedule of reinforcement in which a fixed period of time must elapse after each reinforced response before it produces a reinforcer
100
Fixed-ratio schedule
A schedule of reinforcement in which a response must be produced a certain fixed number of times before it produces a reinforces
101
Generalization
A stimulus that resembles a conditioned stimulus will elicit the conditioned rejoins even though it has never been paired with the unconditioned stimulus
102
Habituation
The decline in the magnitude or likelihood of a reflexive response that occurs when the stimulus is repeated several or many times in succession
103
Law of effect
Thorndike’s principle that responses that produce a satisfying effect un a particular situation become more likely to recur in that situation, and responses that produces a discomforting effect become less likely to recur in that situation
104
Operant responses
A training or learning process by which the consequence of behavioral response affects the likelihood that the individual will produce that response again
105
Overjustification effect
The phenomenon in which a person who initially performs a task for no reward becomes less likely to perform that task for no reward after a period during which they have been rewarded for performing it
106
Partial reinforcement
Any condition in which the response sometimes produces a reinforces and sometimes does not
107
Positive punishment
The type of punishment in which the presentation of a stimulus when a response occurs decreases the likelihood that the response will recur
108
Positive reinforcement
The condition in which a response results in a positive reinforcer
109
Positive reinforcer
A stimulus such as food or money that is presented after a response and that increases the likelihood that the response will recur
110
Punishment
The process through which the consequence of a response decreases the likelihood that the response will recur
111
Reflex
A simple, automatic response sequence mediated by the nervous system
112
Reinforcement
The presentation of a positive reinforcer or removal of a negative reinforcer when a response occurs which increases the likelihood that the subject will repeat the response
113
Reinforcer
Any stimulus change that occurs after a response and tends to increase rage likelihood that the response will be repeated
114
Response
Any well-defined behavioral action, especially one that is elicited by some form of environment stimulation or provocation
115
Shaping
A procedure in which successively closer approximations to the desired response are reinforced until the response finally occurs
116
Social learning
Learning occurring in a situation in which one individual comes to behave similarly to another
117
Spontaneous recovery
The retune of a conditioned response that had previously undergone extinction
118
Stimulus
An element of the environment that can potentially act on an individual’s nervous system and thereby influence the individuals behavior
119
Learning
A link between CS and response is learned. Association between C and UC Stimulus. Conditioned stimulus is a reliable predictor of the US
120
Reinforcement
Any process that increases likelihood of response occurring
Positive: arrival of stimulus makes response happen more frequently
Negative: removal of stimulus makes response happen more frequently
121
Punishment
Any process that decreases the likelihood of something happening again
P: receiving
N: removal
122
Operant conditioning
Discriminative stimulus will increase response. Changing the probability that response will be repeated by manipulating consequences of response
123
Symbolic play
“As if” scenarios in humans
124
Unconditioned response
Unconditional Stimulus
125
Variable-interval schedule
Varies unpredictably around time
126
Fixed Ratio
Every nth response
127
Fixed Interval
Varies unpredictably around average time
128
Variable-ratio schedule
varies according to average
129
Pavlov’s work
Experiments on dogs using meat paste
130
Thorndike’s puzzle box
Cat box and escaping with a petal
131
Skinner’s “Skinner box”
Rats learning to push a button
132
Reinforcement
Any process that increases likelihood of response occurring
Positive: arrival of stimulus makes response happen more frequently
Negative: removal of stimulus makes response happen more frequently
133
Fixed Interval
Varies unpredictably around average time
134
Law of continuity
the human eye will follow the smoothest path when viewing lines, regardless of how the lines were actually drawn.
