PSYCH DEV 5 & 6 Flashcards
How does preoperational thought differ from sensiorimotor intelligence and from concrete operational thought
Preoperational includes symbolic thought, like language, unlike sensorimotor, but doesnt include logic like concrete operational
What barries of logic are evident in preoperational children
Preoperational children are egocentric, more emotional than logical
According to Vygotsky, what should parents and other caregivers do to encourage childrens learning
Understand zone of proximal development, mentor kids and give them scaffolding
How does scaffolding relate to a childs zone of proximal development
Scaffolding allows the child to build on what they already know.
How can adults increase STEM education
Adults can include math and science in daily life. “that flower needs water and sun”
How does the development of theory of mind relate to Piaget and Vygotsky
Theory of mind is the ability to understand that people think differently from themselves. Piaget says that egocentrism makes theory of mind hard. Vygotsky says sociocultural learning is needed for theory of mind
Three aspects of exceutive function
Inhibition (restraint of impulses), working memory (for prior experiences), cognitive flexibility ( changing plans)
Relationship between executive function and learning in school
Children who have better executive function find school easier, can follow teachers instead of own impulses
What are the long term benefits of earl-childhood education
Benefits in academic achievement, graduation rate, employment, and health
In child-centered programs, what do the teachers do
The focus is on the development of each child, teachers work with individuals and small groups, develop creative expression, listening and talking skills
Advantages and disadvantages of teacher-directed preschools
Advantages: prepare children for formal education: teach letters, shapes, numbers, respect for adults
Disadvantages: loss of creativity and independence’
Who benefits the most from Head Start
Children with disabilities, limited education, those without other forms of preschool.
How might protective optimism lead to new skills and competencies?
Children are confident they can succeed, which helps them learn new skills without the anxiety and self-criticism.
Why is postponement of gratification an example of emotional regulation
The emotional impulse is to experience the joy immediately, so waiting for later joy is a form of impulse control
What did Erikson think was a characteristic of younger children
Initiative vs. guilt, children would try new things without much caution or reflection
What is an example of intrinisc motivation
Rewarding for the person, being a musician because you love music
example of extrinsic motivation
Motivated by other people or things, playing music for the money
Why might a child have an imaginary friend
Children are social, a child might create a friend because they like companions
What are children thought to gain from play
Social and creative skills, how to interact, and what to do to make oneself happy
Why do pediatricians want to limit screen time
Children have a hard time separating reality and fantasy, they need social interaction and play
Why does playing with peers increase physical development and emotional regulation
Children follow each other, enjoying race or other activity, learn to inhibit selfish emotions
4 styles of parenting
Permissive, Neglectful, authoritarian, authoritative
Conseqences of each parenting style
Authoritarian - inhibit children
Authoritative - encourgage discussion
Permissive - make children unhappy
Neglectful - increases injury
Why is discipline part of being a parent
Children need to learn about danger and culturalluy accepted actions
Corporal punishment Pros vs cons
Pro: quick and common
Agaisnt: decreases initiative, lowers self esteem.
How is psychological control similar, and different from coroporal punishment?
Effects are similar, no physical pain
Induction for and agaisnt
For: It advances thought and internalizes better behavior
Agasint: takes time and patience
Are prosocial and antisocial behaviors inborn or learned?
The impulse is to help or hurt is present in babies, but expressions are learned
Difference between primary, secondary, tertiary prevention
Primary - Protects everyone
Secondary - protects high-risk situations
Tertiary - mitigates harm after injury has occurred
Long term effects of maltreatment?
Social nteractions, self esteem are harmed
