psych 52,53,54 Flashcards
What is an intellectual disability?
low intellectual functioning reflected by a score of 70 or below, diffficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent living lack of skills in conceptual, social practical.
What is autism spectrum disorder
is a cognitive and social-emotional disorder that is marked by social deficiencies and repetitive behaviors.
Why is there controversy over attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
critics suggest that these criteria are now too broad and may turn normal, childish rambunctiousness into a disorder
How do psychotherapy, biomedical, eclectic therapies differ?
Psychotherapy - Therapist used psychological techniques to assist someone overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth
Biomedical - offers medications and other biological treatments. For example, a person with severe depression may receive antidepressants
Eclectic - Uses techniques from various approaches
What are the goals and techniques of psychoanalysis, and how have they been adapted in psychodynamic therapy?
Psychoanalysis: goals - bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness, Techniques - historical reconstruction, hypnosis, free association, they have been adapted to focus on shorter-term therapy
What are the basic themes of humanistic therapy? What are the goals and techniques of Rogers’ person-centered approach?
Goals: Reduce inner conflicts that interfere with natural development, increases in self-awareness and self-acceptance, Promoting personal growth
Techniques: Person-centered therapy
How does the basic assumption of behavior therapy differ from the assumptions of psychodynamic and humanistic therapies? What classical conditioning techniques are used in exposure therapies and aversive conditioning?
Behavior therapy assumes that maladaptive behaviors are learned and can be changed through techniques like conditioning. Psychodynamic therapy assumes unconscious conflicts influence behavior, while humanistic therapy emphasizes personal growth. Exposure therapies use systematic desensitization and flooding, while aversive conditioning pairs a stimulus with an unpleasant response to reduce a behavior
What is the main premise of behavior therapy based on operant conditioning principles, and what are the views of its proponents and critics?
that behaviors can be changed through reinforcement and punishment. Proponents believe it can lead to significant improvements in individuals’ lives, while critics question its durability and ethical implications of controlling behavior.
What are the goals and techniques of the cognitive therapies and of cognitive-behavioral therapy?
The goals of cognitive therapies, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), are to change negative thought patterns and perceptions to alleviate emotional distress and improve functioning. Techniques include challenging negative thoughts, teaching coping strategies, promoting positive self-talk, and encouraging mindfulness. CBT integrates cognitive and behavioral techniques to target both thoughts and behaviors, aiming to reduce symptoms and enhance overall well-being.
What are the aims and benefits of group and family therapies?
Group Therapy Aims and Benefits:
Aims: Explore social behaviors, develop skills, provide support.
Benefits: Saves time and money, effective, reduces isolation, offers feedback and shared experiences.
Family Therapy Aims and Benefits:
Aims: Improve communication, resolve conflicts, identify family roles.
Benefits: Addresses family dynamics, improves understanding, prevents conflicts, supports individual and family growth.
Does psychotherapy work? How can we know?
Research methods like controlled trials and meta-analyses show that therapy generally helps, with treated individuals often improving more than those on waiting lists. Psychotherapy is cost-effective and reduces societal costs related to mental health issues. However, the effectiveness of a specific therapy for individual problems varies and needs careful evaluation.
Are some psychotherapies more effective than others for specific disorders?
Yes,
Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies -> anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, insomnia, and depression.
Behavioral conditioning therapies -> behavior problems like bed-wetting, specific phobias, compulsions, marital difficulties, and sexual dysfunctions.
Psychodynamic therapy -> depression and anxiety.
person-centered counseling -> mild to moderate depression.
What three elements are shared by all forms of psychotherapy?
Hope: Belief in improvement.
New perspective: Fresh understanding.
Empathetic relationship: Trust and care.
(An empathic, trusting, caring relationship)
What personal factors influence the therapist-client relationship?
Personal factors such as cultural background, values, identity, and religious beliefs can significantly influence the therapist-client relationship. Clients may feel more comfortable working with therapists who share similar backgrounds or beliefs, as they may feel understood and validated. Therapists must recognize and respect these differences to establish rapport and trust in therapy.
When should a person seek therapy, and what should people look for when selecting a therapist?
Seek therapy if you’re feeling deeply depressed, hopeless, or experiencing self-destructive behavior, fears, or sudden mood swings. Look for a therapist by consulting multiple options, such as university health centers, referrals, or online resources. During consultations, discuss your concerns, learn about their approach and qualifications, and trust your feelings about them, as a strong connection with your therapist is key for effective therapy.
