2700 1-4 Flashcards
Know what social psychology is (including identifying examples that do/don’t fit the scientific
definition of social psychology).
How peoples thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by people
Know what the fundamental attribution error (a.k.a. correspondence bias) is, including
when/where it is more likely to occur.
The tendency to overestimate a persons behavior and underestimate the social situation
Know the two primary motives for social behavior, their strengths, distinctions, and the critical
role that construals play in both motives.
Need to be accurate- viewing the world as accurately as possible (often incomplete and inaccurately interpreted)
and the self esteem motive - the need to view oneself as good ( distorting perception of world to preserve self)
Know the definitions, differences, and examples of each type of social psychological
research (i.e., observational, correlational, experimental).
Observational - observing people
Ethnograph - group or culture from the inside without imposing
Limitations: relationship between variables
Correlational - Measuring relationship between variables
Survey - questions about attitudes or behaviors
Correlation coefficient - How one variable can predict the next
Limitation - Correlation =x Causality
Experimental - Manipulating IV measure DV
Internal validity - Ensuring nothing but IV affects DV( controls extraneous variables/ random assignment)
External validity - results are generalized/ can be replicated( increased realism)
Limitations: external validity/how real it is
Know what a correlation coefficient is, how to identify it, and what it means (regarding
degree and direction of association).
asseses how well one variable can predict another
Positive Corelation: one goes up the other goes up
Negative Corelation: one goes up the other goes down
now the makeup of a good experiment, including distinguishing independent and dependent
variables, and understanding internal validity, external validity, and ethical considerations.
IV, DV, External validity, internal validity, Ethical considerations - IRB - reviews experiment , Informed consent - getting consent from particpants, debreifing - after experiment true purpose of experiment is told
Know the what and the why of schemas (including Implicit Person Theory).
Schemas - mental structures used to organize knowledge of social world
WHAT - Reduce information needed, interpret ambiguos information
WHY - Fill in knowledge gaps
Identify and distinguish automatic social cognition vs. controlled social cognition, including
examples of their different levels (e.g., self-fulfilling prophecy, counter-factual thinking).
Automatic - nonconcious, unintentional, relys on past experiences.
Accessibility - being at the front of the mind
Priming - past experiences increase accessibility
Self fuflling prophecy
controlled thinking - Conscious, voluntary, aware of thoughts and feelings
Counterfactual thinking - “Wouldve, shouldve, couldve”, after seeing answers to test “ i couldve done better”
Know the what, and the how of social perception, including the types, channels, and encoding
vs. decoding of nonverbal behavior, first impressions, and cultural influences therein.
Social perception is how we form impressions of other people.
Nonverbal communication - no words
Encoding and decoding - Expression vs. interpreting
Cultural influence - Display rules - nonverbal expressions may be different culturally
Western -> analytic
East Asian -> holistic
Understand causal attribution, including identifying and distinguishing internal vs. external
attributions, and major biases therein (e.g., self-serving attributions, defensive attributions)
Know what the Self is, its functions, and primary ways by which we (individuals) make
sense of ourselves (e.g., introspection, self-observation, social comparison).
Self refers to understanding oneself, impression management, intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation
Two factor theory of emotions - attributing physiological arousal to suitable explanation
Know the what, why, and how of self-esteem, including its implications to self-control, and
impression management.
self esteem is how you value yourself, it affects self control and some people will distort reality or create illusions to make themselves feel better
Understand motivation of self (e.g., intrinsic vs. extrinsic), and distinguish implication of
mindset (e.g., fixed vs. growth) and emotion (Two-Factor vs. Cognitive-Appraisal theories
extrinsic - external rewards or pressures
Intrinsic - enjoyment or intrest
Two factor - First arousal, then interpretation.
Cognitive- appraisal: First interpretation, then arousal.
Understand and distinguish Cognitive Dissonance from other “Self” theories (e.g., self—
-discrepancy, -completion, -affirmation, -evaluation maintenance, -verification).
Cognitive dissonance - feel discomfort when our actions don’t match our beliefs, we change our beliefs
Self Discrepancy - compare self to ideal self
Self completion - any non finished goals we seek to finish
Self Affirmation- self worth threatened we focus on what were good at
Self evaluation - compare self to others
Self verification - want others to see us how we see us
Know the what, and the how of attitudes (e.g., ABC components) and persuasion (e.g.,
communicator, message, audience, and route of delivery).
A- affective component - emotional reactions
B - Behavioral component - Actions or behavior
C- Cognitive component - Thoughts and beliefs
Persuasion - attitude change
Communicator - creditability and attractiveness
The message - nature of communication
Audience - motivation & ability to pay attention
Route of delivery - central vs periphery
Know the varieties of social influence (e.g., obedience, compliance, conformity), and
distinguish between informational social influence and normative social influence.
Conformity - Changing behavior due to perceived presence of other people
Compliance - Changing behavior because someone asked
Obedience - Following orders from authority figure
Informational social influence- conforming because you want to be right
Normative - Conforming to be liked
Know the what, why, and how of group influence (e.g., social facilitation/social loafing),
including the stages, benefits, and costs of group decision making, and the role of leadership
Know the what, and the why of human aggression, and contrast different explanations inside
and outside of social psychology.
Know the what, and the how of helping or prosocial behavior, stages in its decision making,
and role of the environment (e.g., rural versus urban, bystander effect).
