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psych midterm 1 > psych ch 7 > Flashcards

psych ch 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

a collection of several systems that store information in different forms for differing amounts of time

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2
Q

The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A

includes three memory stores: 1) Sensory Memory
2) Short-Term Memory (STM) 3) Long-Term Memory (LTM)

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3
Q

Stores

A

retain information in memory without using it for an specific purpose (hard drives for a computer)

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4
Q

Control processes

A

shifts information from one memory store to another

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5
Q

Retrieval

A

brings info from the LTM back into STM; happens when you become aware of exiting memories (remembering a movie u saw last week)

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6
Q

1) Sensory Memory

A

a memory store that accurately holds perceptual info for a brief amount of time

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7
Q

Iconic memory

A

the visual form of sensory memory, is held for one-half to one second

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8
Q

Echoic memory

A

the auditory form of sensory memory, held for 5 -10 seconds

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9
Q

2) Short-Term Memory (STM)

A

a memory store with limited capacity and duration (30 seconds) — The capacity was summed up as The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two

  • Studied by miller, saying one could remember seven units of info
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10
Q

Attention

A

selects which info will be passed on to STM

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11
Q

Chunking

A

organising smaller units of info into larger meaningful units

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12
Q

3) Long-Term Memory (LTM)

A

holds info for extended period of time, permanently

  • No capacity limitations, all info that undergoes encoding will be in LTM
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13
Q

Encoding

A

the process of storing information in the LTM system

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14
Q

Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon

A

when u are able to retrieve similar sounding words or words that start with the same letter, but can’t quite retrieve the word you actually want

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15
Q

Rehearsal

A

repeating info until you do not need to remember it anymore

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16
Q

Working memory

A

a model of short-term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that can temporarily store small amounts of info for a short period of time

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17
Q

Phonological loop

A

a shortage component of working memory that relies on rehearsal and that stores ifo as sounds or auditory codes

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18
Q

Word-length effect

A

people remember more one-syllable words than four or five syllable words in short term emery

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19
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

a shortage component of working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in a visuospatial code

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20
Q

Feature binding

A

the process of combining visual features into a single unit

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21
Q

The episodic buffer

A

a storage component of working memory that combines the images and sounds from the other two components into coherent, story-like episodes

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22
Q

The central executive

A

the control centre of working memory; it coordinates attention and the exchange of info among the three storage components

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23
Q

Declarative memories (explicit memories)

A

memories that we are consciously aware of and that can be veralized, including facts about the world and our own experiences

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24
Q

Episodics memories

A

type of declarative memory for personal experiences that seem to be organized around ‘episodes’ and are recalled from a first-person perspective (I or my)

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25
Semantic memories
declarative memories that include facts about the world
26
Nondeclarative memories (implicit memories) include....
actions or behaviours that you can remember and perform without awareness (things we can't declare)
27
Procedural memory
learned patterns of muscle movement such as how to walk, play piano
28
Long-term potential
demonstrated that there is an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals between nerve cells that fire together
29
Consolidation
the process of converting short term memories into long term memories in the brain
30
Amnesia
a profound loss of at least one form of memory
31
Anterograde amnesia
the inability to form new memories for events occurring after a brain injury
32
Reconsolidaton
where the hippocampus functions to update, strength, or modify existing long term memories
33
Cross-cortical storage
long-term declarative memories are distributed throughout the cortex of brain, rather than being localised in one region
34
Retrograde amnesia
where memory for the events preceding trauma or injury is lost
35
Maintenance rehearsal
prolonging exposure to info by repeating it (not as effective)
36
Elaborative rehearsal
prolonging exposure to info by thinking about its meaning (better for encoding)
37
Shallow processing
involves encoding more superficial properties of a stimulus (sound or spelling of a word)
38
Deep processing
related to encoding info about an items meaning or its function
39
The self-reference effect
occurs when you think about info in terms of how it relates to you or how it is useful to you - type of encoding
40
Recognition
involves identifying a stimulus or piece of info when it is presented to you
41
Recall
involves retrieving info when asked but without that info being present during the retrieval process
42
Encoding specificity principle
retrieval is most effective when the conditions at the time of encoding and retrieval are the same
43
State-dependant memory
retrieval is more effective when your internal state matches the state you were in during encoding
44
Mood-dependant memory
people remember better if their mood at retrieval matches their mood during encoding
45
Weapon focus
the tendency to focus on a weapon at the expense of peripheral info, including the identity of the person holding the weapon
46
Flashbulb memory
an extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event
47
The forgetting curve
shows that most forgetting occurs right away, and that the rate of forgetting eventually slows to the point where one does not seem to forget at all Ebbinghaus is the guy behind this
48
Mnemonic
a technique intended to improve memory for specific info
49
Method of loci
a mnemonic that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path
50
Acronyms
LOL - laugh out loud
51
First-letter technique
uses the first letters of a set of items to spell out words that form a sentence (WHAT I DO HAHA)
52
Dual coding
occurs when info is stored in more than one form (verbal description and visual image)
53
Desirable difficulties
techniques that make studying slower and more effortful, but result in better overall remembering
54
Testing effect
the finding that taking practice tests can improve exam performance, even without additional studying
55
Cognitive offloading
the use of an action or device to reduce cognitive demands imposed by a given task
56
Schemas
organised clusters of memories that constitute a person's knowledge or beliefs about events, objects, and ideas
57
Infantile amnesia
a phenomenon that you do not have any personal or autobiographical memories from before your third birthday
58
False memory
remembering events that did not occur, or incorrectly recalling details of an event
59
Eyewitness testimony: last names, loftus and palmer
60
Misinformation effect
when info occurring after an events becomes part of the memory for that event
61
Source memory
the memory for how or where info was initially acquired
62
Imagination inflation
the increased confidence in a false memory of an event following repeated imagination of the event
63
Guided imagery
a technique used by some clinicians to help people recover details of events that they are unable to remember
64
DRM procedure
participants study a list of highly related words called semantic associates
65
Recovered memory
a memory of traumatic event that is suddenly recovered after blocking the memory of that event for a long period of time (years)
66
Recovered memory controversy
a heated debate among psychologists about the validity of recovered memories
67
Sperling's test
he flashed a group of letters for 1/20 of a second, people could recall only half

psych midterm 1 (10 decks)

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