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psych midterm 1 > psych ch 7 > Flashcards

psych ch 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

a collection of several systems that store information in different forms for differing amounts of time

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2
Q

The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A

includes three memory stores: 1) Sensory Memory
2) Short-Term Memory (STM) 3) Long-Term Memory (LTM)

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3
Q

Stores

A

retain information in memory without using it for an specific purpose (hard drives for a computer)

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4
Q

Control processes

A

shifts information from one memory store to another

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5
Q

Retrieval

A

brings info from the LTM back into STM; happens when you become aware of exiting memories (remembering a movie u saw last week)

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6
Q

1) Sensory Memory

A

a memory store that accurately holds perceptual info for a brief amount of time

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7
Q

Iconic memory

A

the visual form of sensory memory, is held for one-half to one second

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8
Q

Echoic memory

A

the auditory form of sensory memory, held for 5 -10 seconds

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9
Q

2) Short-Term Memory (STM)

A

a memory store with limited capacity and duration (30 seconds) — The capacity was summed up as The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two

  • Studied by miller, saying one could remember seven units of info
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10
Q

Attention

A

selects which info will be passed on to STM

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11
Q

Chunking

A

organising smaller units of info into larger meaningful units

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12
Q

3) Long-Term Memory (LTM)

A

holds info for extended period of time, permanently

  • No capacity limitations, all info that undergoes encoding will be in LTM
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13
Q

Encoding

A

the process of storing information in the LTM system

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14
Q

Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon

A

when u are able to retrieve similar sounding words or words that start with the same letter, but can’t quite retrieve the word you actually want

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15
Q

Rehearsal

A

repeating info until you do not need to remember it anymore

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16
Q

Working memory

A

a model of short-term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that can temporarily store small amounts of info for a short period of time

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17
Q

Phonological loop

A

a shortage component of working memory that relies on rehearsal and that stores ifo as sounds or auditory codes

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18
Q

Word-length effect

A

people remember more one-syllable words than four or five syllable words in short term emery

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19
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

a shortage component of working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in a visuospatial code

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20
Q

Feature binding

A

the process of combining visual features into a single unit

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21
Q

The episodic buffer

A

a storage component of working memory that combines the images and sounds from the other two components into coherent, story-like episodes

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22
Q

The central executive

A

the control centre of working memory; it coordinates attention and the exchange of info among the three storage components

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23
Q

Declarative memories (explicit memories)

A

memories that we are consciously aware of and that can be veralized, including facts about the world and our own experiences

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24
Q

Episodics memories

A

type of declarative memory for personal experiences that seem to be organized around ‘episodes’ and are recalled from a first-person perspective (I or my)

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25
Q

Semantic memories

A

declarative memories that include facts about the world

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26
Q

Nondeclarative memories (implicit memories) include….

A

actions or behaviours that you can remember and perform without awareness (things we can’t declare)

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27
Q

Procedural memory

A

learned patterns of muscle movement such as how to walk, play piano

28
Q

Long-term potential

A

demonstrated that there is an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals between nerve cells that fire together

29
Q

Consolidation

A

the process of converting short term memories into long term memories in the brain

30
Q

Amnesia

A

a profound loss of at least one form of memory

31
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

the inability to form new memories for events occurring after a brain injury

32
Q

Reconsolidaton

A

where the hippocampus functions to update, strength, or modify existing long term memories

33
Q

Cross-cortical storage

A

long-term declarative memories are distributed throughout the cortex of brain, rather than being localised in one region

34
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

where memory for the events preceding trauma or injury is lost

35
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

prolonging exposure to info by repeating it (not as effective)

36
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

prolonging exposure to info by thinking about its meaning (better for encoding)

37
Q

Shallow processing

A

involves encoding more superficial properties of a stimulus (sound or spelling of a word)

38
Q

Deep processing

A

related to encoding info about an items meaning or its function

39
Q

The self-reference effect

A

occurs when you think about info in terms of how it relates to you or how it is useful to you - type of encoding

40
Q

Recognition

A

involves identifying a stimulus or piece of info when it is presented to you

41
Q

Recall

A

involves retrieving info when asked but without that info being present during the retrieval process

42
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

retrieval is most effective when the conditions at the time of encoding and retrieval are the same

43
Q

State-dependant memory

A

retrieval is more effective when your internal state matches the state you were in during encoding

44
Q

Mood-dependant memory

A

people remember better if their mood at retrieval matches their mood during encoding

45
Q

Weapon focus

A

the tendency to focus on a weapon at the expense of peripheral info, including the identity of the person holding the weapon

46
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

an extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event

47
Q

The forgetting curve

A

shows that most forgetting occurs right away, and that the rate of forgetting eventually slows to the point where one does not seem to forget at all

Ebbinghaus is the guy behind this

48
Q

Mnemonic

A

a technique intended to improve memory for specific info

49
Q

Method of loci

A

a mnemonic that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path

50
Q

Acronyms

A

LOL - laugh out loud

51
Q

First-letter technique

A

uses the first letters of a set of items to spell out words that form a sentence (WHAT I DO HAHA)

52
Q

Dual coding

A

occurs when info is stored in more than one form (verbal description and visual image)

53
Q

Desirable difficulties

A

techniques that make studying slower and more effortful, but result in better overall remembering

54
Q

Testing effect

A

the finding that taking practice tests can improve exam performance, even without additional studying

55
Q

Cognitive offloading

A

the use of an action or device to reduce cognitive demands imposed by a given task

56
Q

Schemas

A

organised clusters of memories that constitute a person’s knowledge or beliefs about events, objects, and ideas

57
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

a phenomenon that you do not have any personal or autobiographical memories from before your third birthday

58
Q

False memory

A

remembering events that did not occur, or incorrectly recalling details of an event

59
Q

Eyewitness testimony: last names, loftus and palmer

A
60
Q

Misinformation effect

A

when info occurring after an events becomes part of the memory for that event

61
Q

Source memory

A

the memory for how or where info was initially acquired

62
Q

Imagination inflation

A

the increased confidence in a false memory of an event following repeated imagination of the event

63
Q

Guided imagery

A

a technique used by some clinicians to help people recover details of events that they are unable to remember

64
Q

DRM procedure

A

participants study a list of highly related words called semantic associates

65
Q

Recovered memory

A

a memory of traumatic event that is suddenly recovered after blocking the memory of that event for a long period of time (years)

66
Q

Recovered memory controversy

A

a heated debate among psychologists about the validity of recovered memories

67
Q

Sperling’s test

A

he flashed a group of letters for 1/20 of a second, people could recall only half

psych midterm 1 (10 decks)

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