psych ch 2

Question 1

Objective measurements

Answer 1

the measure of an entity or behaviour that (within an allowed margin of error) is consistent across instruments and observers.

Question 2

Validity

Answer 2

the degree to which an instrument or procedure actually measures what it claims to measure

Question 3

Relativity

Answer 3

when it provides consistent and stable answers across different observations ad points in time

Question 4

Generalizability

Answer 4

the degree to which one set of results can be applied to other situations, individuals, or events

Question 5

Population

Answer 5

the group that researchers want to generalise about

Question 6

Sample

Answer 6

a select group of population members

Question 7

Random sample

Answer 7

a sampling technique in which every individual of a population has an equal chance of being included

Question 8

Convenience sample

Answer 8

samples of individuals who are the most readily available

Question 9

Ecological validity

Answer 9

the results of laboratory study can be applied to or repeated in the natural environment

Question 10

Hawthorne effect

Answer 10

behaviour change that occurs as a result of being observed

Question 11

Social desirability

Answer 11

people may respond in ways that increase the chances they will be viewed favourably by the experimenter

Question 12

Placebo effect

Answer 12

a measurable and experienced improvement in health or behaviour that cannot be attributable to a medication or treatment

Question 13

Single-blind study

Answer 13

participants do not know the true purpose of the study or treatment

Question 14

Double-blind study

Answer 14

participants AND experimenter dont know what the exact treatment for any individual

Question 15

Anecdotal evidence

Answer 15

an individual’s story or testimony about an observation or event that is used to make a claim as evidence

Question 16

Research Design

Answer 16

a set of methods that allows a hypothesis to be tested
— Influence how investigators (1) organise the stimuli used to test the hypothesis (2) make observations and measurements (3) evaluate results

Question 17

Qualitative research

Answer 17

examining an issue or behaviour without performing numerical measurements of the variables

Question 18

Quantitative research

Answer 18

examining an issue or behaviour by using numerical measurements and/or statistics

Question 19

Third variable problem

Answer 19

the possibility that a third, unmeasured variable is responsible for a well-established correlation between two variables

Question 20

Confounding variable

Answer 20

a variable outside of the researchers control that might affect or provide an alternative explanation for the results

Question 21

Independent variable

Answer 21

the variable that is manipulated to distinguish between two or more groups

Question 22

Dependant variable

Answer 22

the observation or measurement that is recorded during the experiment and compared

Question 23

Control group

Answer 23

the group that does not receive the treatment, they serve as a baseline to whciht he experinmnetalo group is compared
– opposite of the experimental group

Question 24

Research ethics board (REB)

Answer 24

a committee of researchers and officials at an institution charged with the protetection of human research partcipants

Question 25

Central tendency: a measure of the central point of a distribution

Mean: the average of set of number

Median: the 50th percentile (middle point)

Mode: catergory with highest frequency