Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fall 2012 > Psych 490 FINAL > Flashcards

Psych 490 FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

In regards to the fundamental tasks of parenting, what are six tasks that should be used?

A
  1. Safety and Sustenance
  2. Social and Emotional Suppor
  3. Stimulation/Instructio
  4. Monitoring
  5. Structure
  6. Social Connectednes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When discussing social and emotional support as a fundamental task of parenting, describe:

social and emotional support

stimulation

stucture

A

Social and emotional support

Responsivity/Senstivity
Positive Affect
Disciplin

Stimulation/Instruction

Toys & Learning Material
Encouragement ofAchievemen

Structure

Family Routines/Rule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the four parenting styles?

A
  • Authoritative
  • Authoritarian
  • Permissive
  • Uninvolve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When operationalizing parenting, describe socialization

A

Different depending up the socialization goals that a parent has for a given situation.

Specific practices can vary even within a parenting style Emotional context of parenting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are a few examples of specific parenting?

A

Gentle guidance

Psychological control

Responsiveness

Inductive reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In regards to parenting practices, describe gentle guidance

A

Directing children in non‐power assertive manne

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In regards to parenting practices, describe psychological control

A

Managing children by manipulating emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In regards to parenting practices, describe responsiveness

A

Responding appropriately to children’s needs/bid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In regards to parenting practices, describe inductive reasoning

A

When parents inform their children of societal norms and principles, explain why rules are necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Discuss socialization

How do parents socialize children

A

The process through which we learn attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors appropriate to the social positions we occupy

Parents socialize children across multiple domains:

– Emotion / Emotion Regulation
– Gender Development
– Racial and Ethnic Socialization
– Educational Socialization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is social referencing?

A

Process of looking to another person to for information on how to respond to a situation or stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In regards to parenting practices, what is emotional coaching

A
  • Aware of child’s emotion
  • Use emotion as an opportunity for teaching
  • Help child identify & label emotions
  • Empathize or validate the child’s emotion
  • Help child problem solve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In regards to parenting practices, what are some reactions to children’s emotions?

A

Specific parental responses to children’s positive and
negative emotions
• Distress, punitive, minimization
• Expressive encouragement, emotion‐focused, problem‐focused
– Punitive / negative parental responses tend to heighten
emotional arousal and make it harder for children to
control their emotio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In regards to parenting practices, what are some ways to teach emotion regulation strategies?

A

– Provide specific strategies for regulating emotions in
specific situations
– E.g., take a deep breath, think about something nice
– Reframe the situation
– Redirecting attentio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Discuss niche picking

A

Parents choose to engage in or avoid specific situations given their understanding of their children’s emotion regulation ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In regards to the family emotional climate, discuss:

Parent child attachment

Parenting style

A

• Parent‐ChildAttachment
– Provides an emotional context in which emotions
occur
• Parenting Style
– Creates an emotional climate within the family
– Responsive dimension particularly importan

  • Emotional Expressivity
  • Marital Relationshi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In regards to emotional expressivity, describe verbal and non-verbal emotion

A

• Verbal and non‐verbal emotion (positive & negative) expressed within the family
– Children more expressive if have more expressive
parents
– Higher levels of positive expressiveness been
linked with better emotion regulation
– Moderate levels of negative emotional
expressiveness may be useful, high levels
negatively associated with E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Discuss gentle guidance and give an example

A

• Type of behavioral control that directs child in a
non‐power assertive manner
• Example:
• “Let’s clean‐up the kitchen toys” (happy voice)
• Greater gentle guidance associated with higher levels of committed compliance and internalization of parental goal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some limitations in the fathering research?

A

• Relative to research on maternal parenting, limited amount of research done on fathers
– Many of the studies that study “parenting”
actually only include mothers
• Fathers are less likely to want to or be
available to participate in researc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does research find about mothering and fathering?

A

• Research generally finds a lot of similarities with mothering and fathering
• No consistent differences have been found in
parenting style

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Discuss fathering during adolescene

A

• More engaged with sons
• Less contact with daughters
• Relationships with adolescent children more distant
than adolescent’s relationship with mothers
• Equally involved in scholastic and extracurricular
achievement
• Adolescent’s generally reportfeeling closer to mothers
than fathers and that mothers know them better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the importance of attachment?

A

• Quality of Interaction important
• Infants form attachments with Fathers even when
there is less contact with the father

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are differences in gender socialization

A

• Fathers play a critical role in encouraging “femininity”in females and “masculinity”in males
– More concerned then mothers over their children’s development of appropriate sex roles

• Encourage use of more sex‐typed toy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the differences in play?

A

• Fathers generally engage in more active/boisterous and emotionally evocative play than mothers
 Even with adolescents, fathers are more playful than mothers—joking and teasing
 Mothers play conventional games, interact with toys, and talk more
• Why the difference?
– Fathers may use arousing style to increase the alience of their interactions despite limited time with the child
– Or, men may be more physical than women (but fathers’ physical play with infants not necessarily universal

25
Q

What are the differences in language/control?

A

• More directive with children than mothers
– During clean‐up tasks more likely to use direct requests rather than encouragement “pick up the blocks”, vs.“why don’t we pick up the blocks”
• Greater language demands on the child by engaging in
more:
– directives
– Requests for clarification
– “wh‐” questions
– References to past events
– Differences in languag

26
Q

When does father supportiveness matter?

A

• Greater maternal supportiveness was associated with greater academic competence and social competence in K and FirstGrade
• Paternal supportiveness was associated with greater social competence in K
• Sig M x F supportiveness predicting:
– Academic & social competence in K & First Grade

27
Q

What is social competence?

A

– The association between fathers supportiveness
and children’s social competence decreases as
maternal supportiveness increase

28
Q

What is academic competence?

A

– The association between fathers supportiveness
and children’s academic competence decreases
as maternal supportiveness increase

29
Q

What is fathers behavior a predictor of?

A

Fathers behavior was a predictor of children’s positive responses during disappointment task (Mother was not)
– Greater F positiveAffect more positive response
– Greater F control lower positive respons

30
Q

M&F predict what?

A

• M & F behavior predicted children’s negative responses
– Greater positive affect less negative response
• Greater M control more tensio

31
Q

Why do siblings matter?

A

• Most children in US grow up with at least one brother or sister (In U.S. 2 kids per family)
• Companionship
– Spend more time with siblings than with parents in the early and middle childhood years
• Sibling relationship is an important socialization context
– Learn skills for conflict resolution
– Practice how to regulate behavior and emotion within
a relationship that is less hierarchica

32
Q

T/F

In homes with marital conflict, children are protected from negative outcomes if they have positive sibling relationship

A

T

33
Q

T/F

Children who are in high affect relationships (high conflict/high warmth) report poor sibling relationships

A

F

34
Q

T/F

Parents regularly report that their children fight too much

A

t

35
Q

t/f

Parents regularly report that their children fight too much

A

T

36
Q

T/F

Sibling relationships are one of the longest elationships in one’s life

A
37
Q

Discuss ibling relationships

A
  • Most children in US grow up with at least one brother or sister (In U.S. 2 kids per family)
  • Sibling relationship is an important socialization context
  • Tends to be the longest lasting relationship of an individual’s life – particularly with sister
38
Q

Why do siblings matter?

A

• Companionship
– Spend more time with siblings than with parents in
the early and middle childhood years
• Good quality relationships = greater social competence
• Learn appropriate behavior and how to manage conflict
– 2‐4 year olds: 7.65 conflicts / hour
• Protects children from consequences of negative life event

39
Q

Discuss companionship/involvement

A
  • Accepts sibling as playmate, have mutual interests, have fun engaging together
  • Gets ideas for things they can do together
  • Treats sibling as a good friend
  • Shares secrets with siblin
40
Q

Discuss empathy/concern

A

• Sometimes referred to as cohesion
• Wants sibling to succeed
• Show sympathy when things are hard for sibling
• Is concerned for siblings welfare and happiness
• Tries to comfort sibling when s/he is unhappy
or upset

41
Q

Discuss Teaching/directiveness

A
  • Teaches sibling new skills, helps them during difficult situations
  • Gives directions
  • Helps sibling adjust to a new situation
  • Baby sits and cares for sibling
  • Tries to teach sibling how to behave and learn how to interact in new situation
42
Q

Discuss Rivalry

A
  • Tattles on sibling
  • Is jealous of sibling
  • Is nosy and has to know everything about sibling
  • Is very competitive with sibling
  • Frequently has to do with rivalry over parents affection or time
43
Q

Discuss conflict/aggression withing sibling relationships

A
  • Teases or annoys sibling
  • Gets angry with sibling
  • Hurts siblings feelings
  • Has physical fights with siblin

Type and intensity matters

44
Q

Discuss avoidance within sibling relationships

A
  • Is embarrassed to be with sibling in public
  • Stays away from sibling if possible
  • Acts ashamed of sibling
  • Frowns or pouts when sibling has to be with him/her
45
Q

Discuss ambivalence within sibling relationships

A
  • Shifts between positive and negative affect and behavior (Kramer, 2010)
  • Frequent and rapid shifts from conflict, arguing, teasing into affection, laughter, and cooperation
46
Q

Discuss parent-child relationships

A
  • Children are more likely to have positive sibling relationships, when they have positive relationships with their parents.
  • Positive relationships are characterized by warmth, affection, positivity
47
Q

Discuss Marital relationships

A

• Marital dissatisfaction or marital conflict has been related to sibling conflict and negativity (spillover from the marital subsystem to the sibling relationship subsystem)
• If siblings are able to maintain a positive relationships, in spite of marital conflict:
– can be a source of support and protect children from
the negative consequences of marital conflic

48
Q

Discuss child characteristics

A
  • Children who are highly active and more emotionally intense have more conflict in their sibling relationships than children who are less active and better able to regulate their emotions
  • There is less sibling conflict if both siblings are less active
49
Q

Discuss sibling relationship quality and child outcomes

A

• Sibling affection associated with higher levels of prosocial behavior and lower externalizing behavior problems
• SiblingConflict and Hostility associated with greater
internalizing behavior problems/depression, and risky
behavior
• Some sibling caregiving is associated with higher language reading scores
• Balance of positive characteristics and conflict has been linked with younger siblings being more socially skilled and better peer relationship

50
Q

Define parental differential tx

A

• Treating siblings within the same family differently
• Social norms to treat siblings similarly
• Can occur across different domains:
– Closeness
– warmth
– Control
– Discipline
• Studies generally find that 1/3 to 2/3 of parenting
favor one of their child in at least one domai

51
Q

What is adaptive parenting?

A

Treating siblings differently may be an indicator of sensitive/responsive parenting
– Siblings are different ages
– Temperamental differences
– Developmental Disorders/Learning disabilitie

52
Q

Discuss differential tx across the lifespan

A

• Similar prevalence of differential treatment from childhood into adulthood
• Adult children generally reportthat their parents favor one of the siblings
• In one study 66% of children correctly reported that
there was differential treatment in their family:
– Only 44% were accurate about which child was favored
(when compared to parent report)

53
Q

What are predictors of differential tx

A

• Responding to differences in the children
• More likely to occur in times of stress:
– Marital conflict
– Serious health problems
• Youngest children often receives more parental affection
• In stepfamilies – parents tend to favor biological childre

54
Q

What are consequences of differential tx

A

• Both maternal and paternal differential treatment has been linked to children’s outcomes
• Differential treatment associated with more negativity in sibling relationships
– Less likely if the children perceive that the differential treatment is necessary.
• Least‐favored children (less warmth, more control) higher levels of aggression, depression, and externalizing problems

• Few studies show that favored children have better
outcomes, though generally it appears PDT in a family has negative consequences for all the children in the famil

55
Q

Discuss Sherman et al. 2006

A

• Spillover (i.e., carryover model) that friend
and sibling relationships are similar
• Compensatory Model – a good relationship in one domain can make‐up for a negative relationship in anothe

56
Q

Discuss general findings of sherm

A
  • Same‐sex friendships less significantly less conflict and greater warmth than sibling relationships
  • Women report more conflict than men with sibling
57
Q

Discuss sibling intimaacy

A
  • Sibling intimacy was high when maternal acceptance was high
  • Lower levels of F marital love linked with INCREASED in sibling intimacy (may suggest compensation
58
Q

Discuss Volling & Elins 1998

A

• Differential EnjoymentGroups:
– Not associated with marital or sibling relationship
– Not associated with OS internalizing and externalizing
• Differential Favoritism
– Greater Marital Love reported for equal treatment
group (than group where OS favored by one parent
and the other favored both equally)
– No differences in OS behavior problem

59
Q

Discuss Volling & Elins Differential discipline

A

• Differential Discipline
– OS positive involvement with sib greater when F
disciplined OS more and M disciplined equally
– Greater rivalry by OS when both parents disciplined OS more
– More marital conflict in families where M disciplined OS and F disciplined 2 sibs equall

Fall 2012 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions