Psych 490 FINAL Flashcards
In regards to the fundamental tasks of parenting, what are six tasks that should be used?
- Safety and Sustenance
- Social and Emotional Suppor
- Stimulation/Instructio
- Monitoring
- Structure
- Social Connectednes
When discussing social and emotional support as a fundamental task of parenting, describe:
social and emotional support
stimulation
stucture
Social and emotional support
Responsivity/Senstivity
Positive Affect
Disciplin
Stimulation/Instruction
Toys & Learning Material
Encouragement ofAchievemen
Structure
Family Routines/Rule
What are the four parenting styles?
- Authoritative
- Authoritarian
- Permissive
- Uninvolve
When operationalizing parenting, describe socialization
Different depending up the socialization goals that a parent has for a given situation.
Specific practices can vary even within a parenting style Emotional context of parenting
What are a few examples of specific parenting?
Gentle guidance
Psychological control
Responsiveness
Inductive reasoning
In regards to parenting practices, describe gentle guidance
Directing children in non‐power assertive manne
In regards to parenting practices, describe psychological control
Managing children by manipulating emotion
In regards to parenting practices, describe responsiveness
Responding appropriately to children’s needs/bid
In regards to parenting practices, describe inductive reasoning
When parents inform their children of societal norms and principles, explain why rules are necessary
Discuss socialization
How do parents socialize children
The process through which we learn attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors appropriate to the social positions we occupy
Parents socialize children across multiple domains:
– Emotion / Emotion Regulation
– Gender Development
– Racial and Ethnic Socialization
– Educational Socialization
What is social referencing?
Process of looking to another person to for information on how to respond to a situation or stimuli
In regards to parenting practices, what is emotional coaching
- Aware of child’s emotion
- Use emotion as an opportunity for teaching
- Help child identify & label emotions
- Empathize or validate the child’s emotion
- Help child problem solve
In regards to parenting practices, what are some reactions to children’s emotions?
Specific parental responses to children’s positive and
negative emotions
• Distress, punitive, minimization
• Expressive encouragement, emotion‐focused, problem‐focused
– Punitive / negative parental responses tend to heighten
emotional arousal and make it harder for children to
control their emotio
In regards to parenting practices, what are some ways to teach emotion regulation strategies?
– Provide specific strategies for regulating emotions in
specific situations
– E.g., take a deep breath, think about something nice
– Reframe the situation
– Redirecting attentio
Discuss niche picking
Parents choose to engage in or avoid specific situations given their understanding of their children’s emotion regulation ability
In regards to the family emotional climate, discuss:
Parent child attachment
Parenting style
• Parent‐ChildAttachment
– Provides an emotional context in which emotions
occur
• Parenting Style
– Creates an emotional climate within the family
– Responsive dimension particularly importan
- Emotional Expressivity
- Marital Relationshi
In regards to emotional expressivity, describe verbal and non-verbal emotion
• Verbal and non‐verbal emotion (positive & negative) expressed within the family
– Children more expressive if have more expressive
parents
– Higher levels of positive expressiveness been
linked with better emotion regulation
– Moderate levels of negative emotional
expressiveness may be useful, high levels
negatively associated with E
Discuss gentle guidance and give an example
• Type of behavioral control that directs child in a
non‐power assertive manner
• Example:
• “Let’s clean‐up the kitchen toys” (happy voice)
• Greater gentle guidance associated with higher levels of committed compliance and internalization of parental goal
What are some limitations in the fathering research?
• Relative to research on maternal parenting, limited amount of research done on fathers
– Many of the studies that study “parenting”
actually only include mothers
• Fathers are less likely to want to or be
available to participate in researc
What does research find about mothering and fathering?
• Research generally finds a lot of similarities with mothering and fathering
• No consistent differences have been found in
parenting style
Discuss fathering during adolescene
• More engaged with sons
• Less contact with daughters
• Relationships with adolescent children more distant
than adolescent’s relationship with mothers
• Equally involved in scholastic and extracurricular
achievement
• Adolescent’s generally reportfeeling closer to mothers
than fathers and that mothers know them better
What is the importance of attachment?
• Quality of Interaction important
• Infants form attachments with Fathers even when
there is less contact with the father
What are differences in gender socialization
• Fathers play a critical role in encouraging “femininity”in females and “masculinity”in males
– More concerned then mothers over their children’s development of appropriate sex roles
• Encourage use of more sex‐typed toy
What are the differences in play?
• Fathers generally engage in more active/boisterous and emotionally evocative play than mothers
Even with adolescents, fathers are more playful than mothers—joking and teasing
Mothers play conventional games, interact with toys, and talk more
• Why the difference?
– Fathers may use arousing style to increase the alience of their interactions despite limited time with the child
– Or, men may be more physical than women (but fathers’ physical play with infants not necessarily universal
What are the differences in language/control?
• More directive with children than mothers
– During clean‐up tasks more likely to use direct requests rather than encouragement “pick up the blocks”, vs.“why don’t we pick up the blocks”
• Greater language demands on the child by engaging in
more:
– directives
– Requests for clarification
– “wh‐” questions
– References to past events
– Differences in languag
When does father supportiveness matter?
• Greater maternal supportiveness was associated with greater academic competence and social competence in K and FirstGrade
• Paternal supportiveness was associated with greater social competence in K
• Sig M x F supportiveness predicting:
– Academic & social competence in K & First Grade
What is social competence?
– The association between fathers supportiveness
and children’s social competence decreases as
maternal supportiveness increase
What is academic competence?
– The association between fathers supportiveness
and children’s academic competence decreases
as maternal supportiveness increase
What is fathers behavior a predictor of?
Fathers behavior was a predictor of children’s positive responses during disappointment task (Mother was not)
– Greater F positiveAffect more positive response
– Greater F control lower positive respons
M&F predict what?
• M & F behavior predicted children’s negative responses
– Greater positive affect less negative response
• Greater M control more tensio
Why do siblings matter?
• Most children in US grow up with at least one brother or sister (In U.S. 2 kids per family)
• Companionship
– Spend more time with siblings than with parents in the early and middle childhood years
• Sibling relationship is an important socialization context
– Learn skills for conflict resolution
– Practice how to regulate behavior and emotion within
a relationship that is less hierarchica
T/F
In homes with marital conflict, children are protected from negative outcomes if they have positive sibling relationship
T
T/F
Children who are in high affect relationships (high conflict/high warmth) report poor sibling relationships
F
T/F
Parents regularly report that their children fight too much
t
t/f
Parents regularly report that their children fight too much
T
T/F
Sibling relationships are one of the longest elationships in one’s life
Discuss ibling relationships
- Most children in US grow up with at least one brother or sister (In U.S. 2 kids per family)
- Sibling relationship is an important socialization context
- Tends to be the longest lasting relationship of an individual’s life – particularly with sister
Why do siblings matter?
• Companionship
– Spend more time with siblings than with parents in
the early and middle childhood years
• Good quality relationships = greater social competence
• Learn appropriate behavior and how to manage conflict
– 2‐4 year olds: 7.65 conflicts / hour
• Protects children from consequences of negative life event
Discuss companionship/involvement
- Accepts sibling as playmate, have mutual interests, have fun engaging together
- Gets ideas for things they can do together
- Treats sibling as a good friend
- Shares secrets with siblin
Discuss empathy/concern
• Sometimes referred to as cohesion
• Wants sibling to succeed
• Show sympathy when things are hard for sibling
• Is concerned for siblings welfare and happiness
• Tries to comfort sibling when s/he is unhappy
or upset
Discuss Teaching/directiveness
- Teaches sibling new skills, helps them during difficult situations
- Gives directions
- Helps sibling adjust to a new situation
- Baby sits and cares for sibling
- Tries to teach sibling how to behave and learn how to interact in new situation
Discuss Rivalry
- Tattles on sibling
- Is jealous of sibling
- Is nosy and has to know everything about sibling
- Is very competitive with sibling
- Frequently has to do with rivalry over parents affection or time
Discuss conflict/aggression withing sibling relationships
- Teases or annoys sibling
- Gets angry with sibling
- Hurts siblings feelings
- Has physical fights with siblin
Type and intensity matters
Discuss avoidance within sibling relationships
- Is embarrassed to be with sibling in public
- Stays away from sibling if possible
- Acts ashamed of sibling
- Frowns or pouts when sibling has to be with him/her
Discuss ambivalence within sibling relationships
- Shifts between positive and negative affect and behavior (Kramer, 2010)
- Frequent and rapid shifts from conflict, arguing, teasing into affection, laughter, and cooperation
Discuss parent-child relationships
- Children are more likely to have positive sibling relationships, when they have positive relationships with their parents.
- Positive relationships are characterized by warmth, affection, positivity
Discuss Marital relationships
• Marital dissatisfaction or marital conflict has been related to sibling conflict and negativity (spillover from the marital subsystem to the sibling relationship subsystem)
• If siblings are able to maintain a positive relationships, in spite of marital conflict:
– can be a source of support and protect children from
the negative consequences of marital conflic
Discuss child characteristics
- Children who are highly active and more emotionally intense have more conflict in their sibling relationships than children who are less active and better able to regulate their emotions
- There is less sibling conflict if both siblings are less active
Discuss sibling relationship quality and child outcomes
• Sibling affection associated with higher levels of prosocial behavior and lower externalizing behavior problems
• SiblingConflict and Hostility associated with greater
internalizing behavior problems/depression, and risky
behavior
• Some sibling caregiving is associated with higher language reading scores
• Balance of positive characteristics and conflict has been linked with younger siblings being more socially skilled and better peer relationship
Define parental differential tx
• Treating siblings within the same family differently
• Social norms to treat siblings similarly
• Can occur across different domains:
– Closeness
– warmth
– Control
– Discipline
• Studies generally find that 1/3 to 2/3 of parenting
favor one of their child in at least one domai
What is adaptive parenting?
Treating siblings differently may be an indicator of sensitive/responsive parenting
– Siblings are different ages
– Temperamental differences
– Developmental Disorders/Learning disabilitie
Discuss differential tx across the lifespan
• Similar prevalence of differential treatment from childhood into adulthood
• Adult children generally reportthat their parents favor one of the siblings
• In one study 66% of children correctly reported that
there was differential treatment in their family:
– Only 44% were accurate about which child was favored
(when compared to parent report)
What are predictors of differential tx
• Responding to differences in the children
• More likely to occur in times of stress:
– Marital conflict
– Serious health problems
• Youngest children often receives more parental affection
• In stepfamilies – parents tend to favor biological childre
What are consequences of differential tx
• Both maternal and paternal differential treatment has been linked to children’s outcomes
• Differential treatment associated with more negativity in sibling relationships
– Less likely if the children perceive that the differential treatment is necessary.
• Least‐favored children (less warmth, more control) higher levels of aggression, depression, and externalizing problems
• Few studies show that favored children have better
outcomes, though generally it appears PDT in a family has negative consequences for all the children in the famil
Discuss Sherman et al. 2006
• Spillover (i.e., carryover model) that friend
and sibling relationships are similar
• Compensatory Model – a good relationship in one domain can make‐up for a negative relationship in anothe
Discuss general findings of sherm
- Same‐sex friendships less significantly less conflict and greater warmth than sibling relationships
- Women report more conflict than men with sibling
Discuss sibling intimaacy
- Sibling intimacy was high when maternal acceptance was high
- Lower levels of F marital love linked with INCREASED in sibling intimacy (may suggest compensation
Discuss Volling & Elins 1998
• Differential EnjoymentGroups:
– Not associated with marital or sibling relationship
– Not associated with OS internalizing and externalizing
• Differential Favoritism
– Greater Marital Love reported for equal treatment
group (than group where OS favored by one parent
and the other favored both equally)
– No differences in OS behavior problem
Discuss Volling & Elins Differential discipline
• Differential Discipline
– OS positive involvement with sib greater when F
disciplined OS more and M disciplined equally
– Greater rivalry by OS when both parents disciplined OS more
– More marital conflict in families where M disciplined OS and F disciplined 2 sibs equall
