Psych 471 Exam #3 Flashcards
1
Q
Communication
A
The process of sending and receiving messages, that have meaning
2
Q
Intrapersonal Communication
A
“talking to yourself”; internal dialogue
3
Q
Interpersonal Communication
A
And interactional process in which one person sends a message to another. This is an ACTIVE process
4
Q
What is the key to interpersonal communication?
A
What is the key to interpersonal communication?
5
Q
Sender
A
Relays the message.
Encodes ideas and feelings into symbold and organizes them into a message
6
Q
Receiver
A
Takes the message in
Decodes or translates a speakers message into their own ideas and feelings
7
Q
Electronically Mediated Communication
A
Interpersonal communication that takes place via technology
8
Q
What are some good and bad things about cell phones?
A
Good
Increases fluidity
Talk to people far away
Safety/emergency
Bad
Distracting (reduces mind fulness)
Miscommunication/texting
Electronic leash
9
Q
What are 3 etiquette rules for cell phone use in public?
A
- Turn it off or put it on vibrate
- Keep calls short
- Make and receive calls unobtrusively or out of earshot from others
10
Q
What does it mean taht the absence of nonverbal cues in computer-mediated communication?
A
It means that people need to take special care that the receiver understands intended meaning. Choose words carefully, provide clarifying details, and describe your feelings.
11
Q
Non-verbal communication
A
The transmission of meaning from one person to another through means or symbols other than words
12
Q
What are some examples of nonverbal communication?
A
distance, facial expression, eye contact, body posture and movement, gestures, touch, voice tone
13
Q
What % of human communication is conveyed via nonverbal behaviors?
A
60-65%
14
Q
What are the 5 principles of nonverbal communication?
A
- Nonverbal communication conveys emotion
- Nonverbal communication is multichanneled. As compared to verbal communication has one channel (speech)
- Nonverbal communication is ambiguous
Few nonverbal signals carry universally accepted meanings - Nonverbal communications may contradict verbal messages. (generally nonverbal is accurate than verbal)
- Nonverbal communication is culture-bound (thumbs up)
15
Q
Nonverbal cues are most reliable when…
A
Accompanied by verbal and are embedded in a familiar cultural and social context
16
Q
The _____ of eye contact is its most meaningful aspect
A
duration
17
Q
People (European Americans) with high levels of eye contacct are judged to have high….
A
High social skills, credibility, and competence
18
Q
People are more likely to make eye contact when being (what emotion)
A
sincere
19
Q
Gaze Adverse
A
Not as likely to make firm eye contact
20
Q
Eye contact communicates ______ of feelings
A
intensity
21
Q
Maintaining moderate eye contact generates (positive or negative) feelings in others?
A
Positive
22
Q
Negative eye contact give an example and say why it is bad.
A
Staring. It can make people uncomfortable and can convey aggressive intent (avoid eye contact with hostile people)
23
Q
Kinesics
A
The study of communication through body movements
24
Q
Frequent touching or scratching suggests what?
A
nervousness
25
Higher status individuals look more (relaxed or tense)
relaxed
26
Lower status individuals look more (relaxed or tense)
tense
27
Tall people have advantages in terms of...
Income, education, job selection, and happiness
28
Tall people have caveats in...
experienceing more anger
| height is not as beneficial for women
29
How many lies do people typically tell per day?
1-2
30
Most lies are what kind?
Inconsequential (white lies)
31
What are some reasons for more serious lies?
Gaining an advantage
Avoiding conflict (not telling partner about cheating)
Protecting someone
Harm someone (gossiping, false rumore, relational abuse, cyber bullying)
32
Is detecting deception easy or difficult and what is the accuracy rate?
VERY difficult; 57%
33
People (over or under) estimate their ability to detect liars?
Over
34
Lying is NOT associated with...
```
Talking slowly
long pauses BEFORE speaking (speech latency
excessive shift of posture
reduced smiling
lack of eye contact
```
35
What are some signs that someone may be lying?
Blink less while telling a lie then blink more after telling the lie
Speaking with a higher tone/pitch
Giving relatively short answers
Inconsistencies between facial expressions and lower body movements** (most telling sign)
36
Polygraph
A device that records fluctuations in physiological arousalas a person answers questions (more of an emotion detector than a lie detector)
37
Is the effectiveness of a lie detector supported by research?
No, because people experience emotion when telling the truth.)
38
What is a modern method for the polygraph?
Brain imaging technoloogy, they are more accurate, but the also raise ethical and practical problems (invasive)
39
Hearing
A physiological process that occurs when sound waves come into contact with our eardrums
40
Listening
A MINDFUL activity and complex process that requires one to select and organize information, interpret and respond to communications, and recall what one has heard (an active and deeper process)
Involves empathy, effective listening is a vastly underappreciated and underrated skill
41
What are four points to effective listening?
1. Signal your interest in the speaker by using nonverbal cues (posture and eye contact)
2. Hear the other person out before you respond
3. Engage in active listening
4. Pay attention to the person's nonverba; skills
42
What are some subtle verbal cues?
Minimal habitual verbal utterances (mmhmm)
Repetition of key words ("...angry?"
Short confirming comment ("that makes sense")
43
What are the benefits to restating?
Clients feel understood
Clients feel encourageed to continue telling their stories.
Involves no feeling word.
44
Give an ex of restating
Cl: "Bc I am not providing an income, I can't express my thoughts"
Th: "As I listen to you, it seems that your unemployment is having a negative effect on you"
45
Reflection
A rephrasing of a client's statements including an explicit identification of the client's feelings. Deeper thatn a restatement
46
What are the intentions of reflection?
Identify/intensify feelings
Encourage catharsis
Instill hope
47
(Restatement or Reflection) is one of the most powerful and effective ways to convey empathy.
Reflection
48
Open question
An open ended question that allows the client to continue exploring. (does not have to be a question)
49
Give examples of open questions
Could you tell me what you'd like to talk about today?
**"Tell me more about that.."**
What were your thoughts after he did that
Beware of "why" questions, can make clients defensive
50
One-upper (Negative Response Styles)
People who talk as if every conversation is a competition about who has the upper hand
"That's nothing, listen to MY story"
Specific situations
51
Discounter (Negative Response Styles)
People who subtly discredit the experiences and feelings of others; they judge others (usually without being aware of it)
Minimizes feelings of another person
(I'm sure that you will feel better about the breakup in a week or so -- everybody gets over stuff like that"
52
Expert (Negative Response Styles)
Someone who patronizes others and subtly conveys that they're superior.
"I think you're making a serious mistake by choosing that major"
53
Advice giver/Problem solver (Negative Response Styles)
Advise giving is the most common response style in our society!
Rescuing others and subtly disempowering them
Giving people potential solutions to problems can disempower them (Giving someone a fish rather than teaching them how to fish)
"You should split up with your husband"
"Why don't you try changing your diet?"
54
Cross-examiner (Negative Response Styles)
Acting like a lawyer
People who ask question after question, and their questions are usually "closed" rather than "open"
"were you surprised when she came home?"
55
"Canned" Counselor (Negative Response Styles)
Say cliche caring statements that don't have substance and genuineness behind them; concerned about their own perspective
"I understand how you feel"
This is how many of the counselors are portrayed in movies and on TV
Fake and surface level
56
Empathizer (Positive Response Style)**
Ideal way to be
The most effective communication style
Use techniques like reflection and feeling
Suspending your own judgement
Listening to and emotionally reacting to someone. "I sense that you are beginning to mourn the loss of your childhood and the dream of a loving family"
Being non judgemental is key
Having empathy does not mean feeling exactly how they feel.
57
Defensiveness (Barriers to effective communication)
People act defensively when they feel threatened. Triggered by people who act superior and by people who think they are always right.
Work toward minimizing defensiveness in others.
58
Ambushing (Barriers to effective communication)
Assailing or harassing a speaker
59
Motivational Distortion (Barriers to effective communication)
When people hear what they want to hear instead of what is actually being said. (selective attention)
Occurs more often with subject matters people feel strongly about
60
Self-perception (Barriers to effective communication)
Being bored, distracted, fatigued (daydreaming)
| Becoming preoccupied with ones own thoughts.
61
What causes conflict?
Misunderstanding, incompatible goals, values, attitudes, or beliefs.
62
What are some cultural considerations when discussing conflict?
Collectivistic cultures tend to avoid conflict
| Individualistic cultures tend to encourage direct confrontation
63
What are some benefits of constructive confrontation?
Bringing problems into the open where they can be solved
May put an end to chronic problems in a relationship
May lead to new insights about divergent views (help understand someone on a deeper level)
64
What are some guidelines when dealing constructively with conflict?
1. Make communication honest and open (speak the truth without blame or judgement)
2. Describe the person's specific behaviors. (I would like for you to do the dishes more vs youre a slob); avoid making global ax about ones character; remarks about specific behavior are less likely to be taken personally
3. Be gracious (acts of kindness that are not likeely to be repaid)
4. Limit complaints to recent behavior and the current situation; avoid always and never
5. Assume responsibility for your own feelings and preferences. Use I talk- it is more effective and shows your posistion.
6. Use a balanced, asssertive communication style
7. Mary Poppins Rule- Softening the blow. like the sandwich rule
65
What is the key to being assertive?
Not letting people take advantage of you.
| Being balanced between submissive and aggressive
66
(Women or Men) are typically socialized to be more submissive?
Women
67
(Women or Men) are typically socialized to be aggressive and need ot reduce aggressiveness to become assertive?
Men
68
Assertiveness
Acting in one's own best interests by expressing one's thoughts, feelings and needs directly and honestly.
Standing up for one's self while respecting the rights of others
Associated with high self-esteem, satisfying relationships, and effective conflict management.
69
Submissive
Giving in to others on points of possible contention; being deferential (Can be targets for aggressive people)
70
Aggressive
Saying and getting what one wants at the expense of the feelings and rights of others. (selfish)
71
Covert Rehearsal
Imagining a situation requiring assertiveness and how you would handle it. (role playing)
72
What are the pros to internet dating?
Virtual romantic relationships are just as intimate as face to face romantic relationships
Romantic relationships that begin on the internet seem to be just as stable
73
What are the cons to internet dating?
People disclose more, which can lead to false sense of intimacy
Deception. 86% of users think that someone else has misrepresented their image
74
What are the three factors that lead to initial attraction?
Proximity
Familiarity
Physical attractiveness
75
What is proximity?
```
Spatial closeness
It inreases attraction by:
People can more easily find out similarities
Convience
Familiarity
```
76
Familiarity
Mere exposure effect- an increase in positive feelings toward a novel stimulus based on frequent exposure to it.
Caveat- if initial reaction in negative, then increased exposure will only intensify the dislike..
77
What are the most important traits in romantic partners for men and women?
Men- intelligence
| Women- humor
78
An unattractive ____ is seen as a greater liability than an unattractive ____
Body; Face
79
Neonate qualities
Large eyes, small nose, and full lips
80
What is attractive in combination to neonate qualities?
The combination of neonate with mature features (prominent cheek bones, wide smile)
Mature features are valued more in males (strong jaw, wide forehead)
81
Repeated exposure to media portrayals of the thin ideal are associated with (increased or decreased) body image?
decreased
82
The matching hypothesis
People of similar levels of attractiveness gravitate toward each other
people get together with others who are in their same league
83
Parental investment theory
A species' mating patterns depend on what each sex has to invest in producing and nurturing offspring
84
Males are evolutionaryily motivated to seek out...
mates who signal fertility
85
Females are motivated to see out...
mates who can provide for their offspring
86
Society and culture may condition mating preferences...
Objectification
Limited educational and career
The objectification of women in the media promotes a focus on physical appearance
The economic potential of women has been limited in almost all cultures by a history of discrimination
Women with limited educational and career opportunities show the strongest preferences for men with high incomes
87
What are ways in which couples can be similar?
```
Physical attractiveness
Demographic characteristics
Intelligence
Attitudes
We feel validated when others share our beliefs
```
88
Relational Maintenance
The actions and activities used to sustain the desired quality of a relationship
89
Most common strategies for relationship maintenance
Assurance
Openness
Positivity- hope, having a good time with each other
90
Minding
Active and ongoing process of continuing self-disclosure and maintaining relationship-enhancing beliefs and attributions about one's partner
91
High Minding
Good listening skills
Having detailed knowledge about a partner's opinions
Making positive attributions for partner's attributions
Trust and committment
Recognizing partner's support and effort
Having an optimistic view of the relationship future
92
Low minding
Lack of interest in partner's self-disclosure
Making negative attributions for partner's behaviors
Dwelling on partner's faults
Having a pessimistic view of the relationship's future.
93
What are the 6 rules of friendship, and which is the most important?
1. Share news of success
2. Show emotional support (most important)
3. Volunteer help in times of need
4. Strive to make friend happy
5. Trust and confide in each other
6. Stand up for friend in their absence
94
Women's friendships tend to be...
emotionally based (social related)
95
Men's friendships tend to be...
Activity based (teammates)
96
Why do women's friendships tend to be closer and more satisfying?
Because they involve self-disclosure
97
What are some factors that may hinder male friendships?
Socialized to be self-sufficient
Homophobia
Traditional gender role expectations encourage men to see each other as a competition
98
What are 3 unique dating challenges that gay and lesbians face?
1. Smaller pool of potential partners
2. Often under pressure to conceal their sexual orientation
3. Limited ways to meet prospective partners
99
Heterosexism
The assumption that all individuals and relationships are heterosexual. (lack of same sex greeting cards)
100
Affectional Bond
A strong, unique, long-enduring emotional tie between two people in which there is a desire to maintain closeness with the other
101
Attachment
Subtype of affectional bond; when the presence of someone else creates a sense of security.
102
Attachment Behaviors
Things you do to maintain closeness with an individual
103
Secure
Possessing a positive view of yourself :) and others :)
| Healthy relationships
104
Dismissing
Positive view of self :) distant view of others :(
| Minimizing the needs of one's partner
105
Preoccupied
Negative view of self :( and positive view of partner :)
| Clingy
106
Fearful
Negative view of self :( and others :(
Fear of rejection and a lack of confidence in a partners availability.
Worst!! You cannot meet your own needs and others cannot meet your needs either
107
Those with secure attachments experience more ___, ___, and ___ in relationships.
Trust, Closeness, and Positive emotions
108
What are 3 factors in the course of romantic love?
1. Fantasy- we idealize partners early in relationships, and then reality sets in
2. Novelty (keep things nesw) it is important to try new things; fades with increased interaction and knowledge
3. Arousal (sexual, emotional, intellectual...)
109
When you factor out ____, romantic love does exist in long term relationships
Obsession
110
What are the five factors that contribute to a breakup?
1. Premature commitment
2. Ineffective communication and conflict management
3. Becoming bored in the relationship
4. Availability of a more attractive alternative
5. Low levels of satisfaction
111
Intrapsychic Processes (Breakdown processes; how relationships end)
Think about it on your own
112
Dyadic Processes (Breakdown processes; how relationships end)
Working it out together
113
Social processes (Breakdown processes; how relationships end)
Initially alerting others. Start to drift from partner
114
Grave dressing processes (Breakdown processes; how relationships end)
Actively talk to others
115
Resurrection processes (Breakdown processes; how relationships end)
Packing. The physical part. Preparing for life after the relationship
116
What are 4 tips for making a relationship last longer?
1. Take plenty of time to get to know the other person before making a long-term commitment
2. Emphasize the positive qualities of your partner
3. Keep things relatively new
4. Develop effective conflict management (Avoid demand-withdrawal- one clingy one distant)
117
Fact or Crap? The western model of marrying by choice leads to more satisfaction than arranged marriage.
CRAP!!!!
Love as the basis for marriage is only ~300 years old
Arranged marriages are common in collective cultures
Love grows over time in arranged marriages, whereas it dissipates in marriages based on romantic love
Couples in arranged marriages report higher marital satisfaction
There is a greater pressure on marriages in individualistic societies
The expectaion that a marriage with meet diverse psychological needs
