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Fall 2012 > Psych 256 Final > Flashcards

Psych 256 Final Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is true regarding people’s reasoning when shown the following two results of flipping a quarter: TTTTT or THTTH

a. People tend to think that THTTH is a more probable result, and they would be correct.
b. People tend to think that TTTTT is a more probable result. However, THTTH is actually a more probable result of a coin toss.
c. People tend to think that THTTH is a more probable result. However, TTTTT is actually a more probable result of a coin toss.
d. People tend to think that THTTH is a more probable result. However, the probability of flipping TTTTT is the same as THTTH

A

d. People tend to think that THTTH is a more probable result. However, the probability of flipping TTTTT is the same as THTTH.*

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2
Q

Which of the following would the rational choice model predict?

a. There would be an equal likelihood that someone would choose to have a 50% chance of winning $200 or a 100% chance of winning $100.
b. There would be an equal likelihood that someone would choose to have a 50% chance of losing $200 or a 100% chance of losing $100.
c. Both and a and b
d. Neither a nor b

A

c. Both and a and b *

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3
Q

When viewing yourself in a mirror

a. It is possible to see your eyes moving.
b. You will see your eyes moving as long as they are moving slowly enough.
c. You are always able to see your own eyes move better than someone watching you would be able to see your eyes move.
d. You will not be able to see your own eyes move

A

d. You will not be able to see your own eyes move.*

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4
Q

Slips of the tongue can be

a. Semantic errors
b. Syntactic errors
c. Morphological errors
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above*

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5
Q

According to a study done on monkeys, monkeys can still point to a target after

a. Decapitation
b. Deafferentation
c. Dissection
d. Dissertations

A

b. Deafferentation*

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6
Q

Karl Lashley argued that

a. Deafferentation doesn’t prevent sequencing
b. Movement sequences are too quick to be based on feedback
c. The same response can be followed by different responses
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above *

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7
Q

As part of a psychological experiment, Susan is asked to remember a string of letters. She does this by sorting them into sets of easily recognized groups such as FBI and YMCA. This would be an example of

a. patterning
b. subliminal advertising
c. chunking
d. groping

A

c. chunking*

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8
Q

Observing people while sitting on a bench in the park is an example of which of the following?

a. the park experiment
b. real-time observation
c. naturalistic observation
d. nature watching

A

c. naturalistic observation*

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9
Q

Which of the following situations would show the benefit of encoding specificity (Light & Carter-Sobell)?

a. study in a forest and take the exam in a classroom
b. study while tired and take the exam while very wide awake
c. study in the same classroom as the exam
d. study while drunk and take the exam while sober

A

c. study in the same classroom as the exam*

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10
Q

Kosslyn’s Island Task demonstrated that:

a. reaction time to scan between two points increases as the distance between the points increases.
b. reaction time to scan between two points increases as the distance between the points decreases.
c. reaction time to scan between two points decreases as the distance between the points increases.
d. none of the above.

A

a. reaction time to scan between two points increases as the distance between the points increases.*

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11
Q

Which of the following is not one of Lashley’s arguments regarding the Serial Order Problem?

a. Deafferentation does not prevent sequencing
b. Movement sequences are too quick to be based on feedback
c. The same response can be followed by different responses
d. Errors do not reflect plans

A

d. Errors do not reflect plans*

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12
Q

Who was the first person to propose unconscious processes?

a. Sigmund Freud
b. William James
c. Hermann von Helmholtz
d. Giacomo Rizzolatti

A

c. Hermann von Helmholtz*

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13
Q

The inability to remember that you didn’t know something before is known as

a. Hindsight bias
b. Conflict bias
c. Compatibility bias
d. Variability bias

A

a. Hindsight bias*

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14
Q

When people are presented with conflict, it causes them to

a. Withhold their decision
b. Make their decisions more readily
c. Consider their decisions less carefully
d. Have no effect on their decision

A

a. Withhold their decision

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15
Q

What are the odds of getting either of these patterns when flipping a coin?
HHHHHH
TTHTHTH
a. HHHHHH is more likely
b. TTHTHTH is more likely
c. they are equally likely
d. it’s impossible to tell because flipping a coin relies on chance

A

c. they are equally likely

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16
Q

Saying “flow snurries” when you meant to say “snow flurries” is an example of a _______ error

a. Phonological
b. Typing
c. Syntax
d. Semantic

A

a. Phonological*

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17
Q

Neurons that fire when you do something or see someone else do that same thing are called _________

a. Pattern neurons
b. Mirror neurons
c. Harpo neurons
d. Mimic neurons

A

b. Mirror neurons

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18
Q

When told that Bob missed his bus by 5 minutes and Emily missed her bus by 1 minute we assume that Emily is more upset about missing her bus than Bob, even though their objective situations are the same. This reflects

a. Mental Simulation
b. Hindsight
c. Representativeness
d. Availability Bias

A

a. Mental Simulation

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19
Q

Suddenly figuring out the solution to a problem that you have been working on is called a(n) ___________

a. Einstein moment
b. Molto Bene moment
c. Great Scott moment
d. Eureka moment

A

d. Eureka moment

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20
Q

While processing and imagining scenes or locations, which region is most active?

a. Fusiform Face Area
b. Para-hippocampal Place Area
c. Frontal Lobe
d. Occipital Lobe

A

b. Para-hippocampal Place Area

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21
Q

Which of the following is the probability that a hypothesis is true before consideration of the evidence?

a. Conditional probability
b. Prior probability
c. Posterior probability
d. None of the above

A

b. Prior probability

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22
Q

A gambler who has flipped a coin a number of times and gets 6 heads is more prone to believe that the next coin flipped will land on tails. This belief is called the

a. Short term memory loss
b. Gambler’s Fallacy
c. Probability Fallacy
d. None of the above

A

b. Gambler’s Fallacy

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23
Q

The way a problem is expressed has an effect on the way it is solved. This is called the

a. Framing effect
b. Doppler effect
c. Subjective probability
d. None of the above

A

a. Framing effect

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24
Q

The time it takes to indicate that “R” is normal ____ the more its orientation departs from the vertical.

a. increases
b. decreases
c. rotates
d. stays the same

A

a. increases

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25
Q

In Shepard’s mental rotation data, the more rotation you do in depth, the _______ it takes.

a. less time
b. longer
c. same amount
d. faster

A

b. longer

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26
Q

Which was not one of Lashey’s arguments on the serial order problem?

a. Deafferentation doesn’t prevent sequencing
b. Errors reflect plans
c. The same response can be followed by different responses
d. Movement sequences are too slow to be based on feedback

A

d. Movement sequences are too slow to be based on feedback *

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27
Q

Who studied the “visual cliff”?

a. Mel Goodale
b. Eleanor Gibson
c. Hermann von Helmhotlz
d. Jean Piaget

A

b. Eleanor Gibson *

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28
Q

Which one of the following is an example of an action slip?

a. Taking milk from the fridge
b. Slipping in a puddle on the sidewalk
c. Throwing a dirty sock into the toilet instead of the hamper
d. Leaving your cell phone at home

A

c. Throwing a dirty sock into the toilet instead of the hamper

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29
Q

I argued that action was a result of plans and not reflex chains. Who am I?

a. Karl Lashley
b. B.F. Skinner
c. Donald Norman
d. Sigmund Freud

A

a. Karl Lashley

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30
Q

When the monkey from Taub and Berman’s experiment had one arm de-afferented, he was ________, but when he had both arms de-afferented, he was __________

a. not able to walk properly, not able to walk properly
b. not able to walk properly, able to walk properly
c. able to walk properly, not able to walk properly
d. able to walk properly, able to walk properly

A

b. not able to walk properly, able to walk properly

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31
Q

Jim has just woken up from a good night’s rest and accidentally tries to put ketchup in his morning coffee. This supports the idea of

a. Sleep isn’t as useful as people think
b. Jim does not know how to make a good cup of coffee
c. Action slips
d. 57 types of mistakes

A

c. Action slips

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32
Q

Mel Goodale found that there are two visual systems:

a. the When (dorsal), and the Where (ventral)
b. the What (dorsal), and the How (ventral)
c. the When (ventral), and the Where (dorsal)
d. the What (ventral), and the How (dorsal)

A

d. the What (ventral), and the How (dorsal)

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33
Q

Who first proposed the unconscious?

a. Herman von Helmholtz
b. Sigmund Freud
c. Eleanor Gibson
d. David Lee

A

a. Herman von Helmholtz

34
Q

After failing a test, Johnny realizes that he should have studied more. Which of the following is Johnny experiencing:

a. Hindsight (even though this is a bit different from the hindsight bias)
b. Anchoring
c. Conflict
d. None of the above

A

a. Hindsight (even though this is a bit different from the hindsight bias)

35
Q

Amanda wants to buy her father a tie for Christmas, but can’t decide which of the 20 on the rack he would like most. Which of the following is Amanda experiencing?

a. Hindsight
b. Anchoring
c. Conflict
d. None of the above

A

c. Conflict

36
Q

Which of the following is most likely to be chosen by the average person?

a. 100% chance of losing $100
b. 50% chance of losing $200
c. 100% chance of winning $100
d. 50% chance of winning $200

A

c. 100% chance of winning $100

37
Q

Which of the following is a morphological error?

a. Slicely thinned bread
b. Hake-bomed goods
c. Fnow surries
d. Professor, I really hated … I mean, I really liked your course.

A

a. Slicely thinned bread

38
Q

Which of the following is a phonological error?

a. Slicely thinned bread
b. Home-bakes gooded
c. Flow snurries
d. Professor, I really hated … I mean, I really liked your course.

A

c. Flow snurries

39
Q

Which of the following is not true for Lashley’s rrguments about the Serial Order Problem?

a. Errors reflects plans
b. Movement sequences are too quick to be based on feedback
c. Deafferentation prevents sequencing
d. The same response can be followed by different responses

A

c. Deafferentation prevents sequencing

40
Q

David Lee used a swaying room to demonstrate that when a wall approaches a participant the participant will ____________, and when the wall recedes away from the participant the participant will ____________.

a. lean forward; lean backward
b. lean backward; lean forward
c. hold perfectly still
d. none of the above

A

b. lean backward; lean forward

41
Q

In regard to the brain’s two visual systems, the dorsal stream is responsible for how processes such as _________, while the ventral system is responsible for what processes such as ___________.

a. reading; talking
b. walking; reading
c. math formulas; speaking
d. none of the above

A

b. walking; reading

42
Q

According to the incubation effect, in which of the following situations is someone most likely to solve a complex problem?

a. Work on problem for 1/2 hour
b. Work on problem for ¼ hour, take a ½ hour break, work for another ¼ hour
c. Work for ¼ hour, take a 4 hour break, work for another ¼ hour
d. Someone is equally as likely to solve the problem in all the above situations

A

c. Work for ¼ hour, take a 4 hour break, work for another ¼ hour

43
Q

If the ventral stream of the brain is damaged but the dorsal stream is not, the patient probably

a. can identify seen objects and can insert mail into a seen mailbox in the right way
b. can identify seen objects but cannot insert mail into a seen mailbox in the right way
c. can identify seen objects but is paralyzed because motor neurons leave the ventral side of he spinal cord
d. cannot identify seen objects but can insert mail into a seen mailbox in the right way

A

d. cannot identify seen objects but can insert mail into a seen mailbox in the right way *

44
Q

To which of the following multiplication problems are people likely to assign the largest product when asked to make a quick intuitive guess

a. 1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9x10
b. 5x6x7x8x9x10x1x2x3x4
c. 10x9x8x7x6x5x4x3x2x1
d. 9x8x7x6x5x4x3x2x1x10

A

c. 10x9x8x7x6x5x4x3x2x1*

45
Q

Which of the following is NOT the argument of Lashley about the problem of serial
order?
a. Movement sequences are too quick to be based on feedback.
b. The same response can be followed by different responses.
c. Deafferentation does not allow sequencing
d. None of these.

A

c. Deafferentation does not allow sequencing

46
Q

In the lecture on the degrees of freedom problem, what is/are the result(s) obtained
from the experiment in which people were asked to move a plunger to a target platform?
a. When the participants were asked to place the plunger at a higher position, they grabbed
the plunger at a lower height.
b. When the participants were asked to place the plunger at a lower position, they grabbed the plunger at a higher height.
c. Both a and b.
d. None of the above

A

c. Both a and b.

47
Q

The theory that plans are mental representations of actions that govern our behavior was proposed by which of the following psychologists?

a. B.F. Skinner
b. Karl Lashley
c. Jean Piaget
d. David Lee

A

b. Karl Lashley

48
Q

David Lee created a swinging room in which, depending on the motion of the wall, a person sways to adjust to the motion. If a wall is moved towards the person, he or she is likely to …
a. Move forward because the brain perceives the body as shifted towards the wall.
b. Move backward because the brain perceives the body as shifted towards the wall.
c. Move forward because the brain perceives the body as shifted away from the wall.
D. Move backward because the brain perceives the body as shifted away from the wall.

A

b. Move backward because the brain perceives the body as shifted towards the wall.

49
Q

Patient DF, a woman who became blind due to her exposure to carbon monoxide, could not recognize seen objects, but could respond to visual stimuli in physical action contexts, such as a catching a ball. How could this be?

a. Damage to her ventral stream and dorsal stream were both extensive.
b. Damage to her ventral stream was extensive, but neural plasticity allowed her to regain some function.
c. Damage to her ventral stream was extensive, but damage to her dorsal stream was not.
d. Damage to her dorsal stream was extensive, but damage to her ventral stream was not.

A

c. Damage to her ventral stream was extensive, but damage to her dorsal stream was not.

50
Q

When Sarah wants to solve a tricky problem, which of the following ways will not help her?

a. Thinking outside the box.
b. Taking a break from the problem and returning to it later
c. Persistently sticking to a previous method of solving a similar problem.
d. Being aware of the negative set effect

A

c. Persistently sticking to a previous method of solving a similar problem.

51
Q

As I was talking to a friend, I meant to say “thinly sliced bread” but accidently said “slicely thinned bread”. This is an example of what type of error?

a. syntactic
b. phonological
c. morphological
d. Freudian

A

c. morphological

52
Q

While recording data, I only look for evidence that correlates (agrees) with my hypothesis. I have what type of bias?

a. confirmation
b. compatibility
c. choice
d. availability

A

a. confirmation

53
Q

How things are arranged and how we react to this arrangement as we carry out physical actions in the environment is connected to what type of visual system?

a. “what” system
b. “why” system
c. “how” system
d. “when” system

A

c. “how” system

54
Q

The Degrees of Freedom problem refers to the fact that

a. action slips are common
b. there are many ways to perform the same action
c. people adjust their grip on an object to anticipate what is going to happen next
d. our brains have two visual systems

A

b. there are many ways to perform the same action

55
Q

Eleonar Gibson’s famous study involved

a. the visual cliff
b. saccadic suppression
c. optic ataxia
d. haptic tracking

A

a. the visual cliff

56
Q

Which of the following does not apply to Karl Lashley?

a. Challenged Skinner
b. Believed the way we generate behavior is to form memory representations for what we are going to do
c. Believed in reflex chains, not plans
d. Believed that errors reflects plans

A

c. Believed in reflex chains, not plans

57
Q

“I’m singing a baby to my song” is an example of a

a. Syntactic error
b. Morphological error
c. Phonological error
d. Typing error

A

a. Syntactic error

58
Q

According to the availability bias, a young child without extraordinary exposure to family illnesses is most likely to be afraid of

a. stomach cancer
b. diabetes
c. asthma
d. the Boogeyman

A

d. the Boogeyman *

59
Q

According to the idea of representativeness, when flipping a coin, which do people think most unlikely?

a. HTHTTTH
b. HHHHHHH
c. TTTTTTT
d. Either b or c

A

d. Either b or c *

60
Q

When presented with a lot of choices, you are most likely to:

a. Make a quick decision, and remain happy with it
b. Withhold a decision
c. Make the first decision that’s presented to you
d. Make the last decision that was presented to you

A

b. Withhold a decision

61
Q

When Archimedes figured out how to tell the king that his crown was pure gold after spending a long time thinking about it, he manifested

a. An “Aha” moment
b. Effective Representations
c. Incubation Effects
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above *

62
Q

When the way you think about a problem quickly enables the solution, this is called:

a. Set Effect
b. Effective Representation
c. Checkerboard Effect
d. None of the above

A

b. Effective Representation

63
Q

Reflex Chaining Theory explains our actions through:

a. Deafferentation
b. Optic Ataxia
c. Plans
d. A chain of stimuli and responses.

A

d. A chain of stimuli and responses. *

64
Q

Problems of Reflex Chaining Theory include:

a. Deafferentation doesn’t prevent sequencing
b. Movement sequences are too quick to be based on feedback
c. Errors reflect plans
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above*

65
Q

After tasting your mother’s cooking, you say “I really hate, I mean love this spaghetti!” This is an example of

a. A Freudian Slip
b. A problem with the chain of stimuli and responses
c. One of Lashley’s arguments in favor of reflex chains
d. Deafferentation

A

a. A Freudian Slip

66
Q

Students cannot solve the candle problem because they only see the box as a container for thumbtacks. This reflects

a. Functional fixedness
b. The incubation effect
c. Lack of intelligence
d. Positive set effect

A

a. Functional fixedness

67
Q

Lashley’s arguments against reflex chaining theory include

a. Deafferentation prevents sequencing
b. The same responses can be followed by different responses
c. Errors are only made sequentially
d. Freudian slips are irrelevant to serial order

A

b. The same responses can be followed by different responses

68
Q

Haptic tracking permits

a. Bimanual independence
b. Primary circulation reactions
c. Activation of mirror neurons
d. Ambidextrous responding

A

a. Bimanual independence

69
Q

In Shepard’s experiment with the R, the graph of reaction time as a function of degree of needed rotation shows

a. Positive correlation
b. Negative correlation
c. No correlation
d. Functional fixedness

A

a. Positive correlation

70
Q

Syntactic errors of the sort illustrated in lecture involve

a. Only words of the same tense
b. Words of the same part of speech
c. Only words of different languages
d. Only words that rhyme

A

b. Words of the same part of speech

71
Q

Jayne is studying cog psych and is very interested in how it related to saccadic suppression. Which of the following conclusions would be true according to the material covered in class if she were to look into a mirror with her own eyes?

a. She would see no blurring as she moved her eyes because her eyes are able to move very rapidly and she can perfectly see everything that passes across her retina
b. Her world appears blurred as she shifts her eyes because her brain perceives the movement of her eyes.
c. Her world appears blurred as she shifts her eyes because her brain has no control of eye movements
d. She would see nothing as she moved her eyes from left to right because her brain would block her visual processing when her eyes moved

A

d. She would see nothing as she moved her eyes from left to right because her brain would block her visual processing when her eyes moved.*

72
Q

According to Dennis Proffitt (who was once a Penn State undergraduate and is now a professor of psychology at the University of Virginia), if John is facing a to-be-scaled hill with a heavy backpack as compared to a light backpack

a. He will perceive the hill as steeper
b. He will perceive the hill as less steep
c. He will walk up faster
d. He will misjudge his step and fall backwards

A

a. He will perceive the hill as steeper

73
Q

Typing errors take the form of

a. Horizontal Aiming
b. Vertical Aiming
c. Homologues finger choices
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above *

74
Q

Why is Johnny unable do a circular motion with one hand while making a square motion with his other hand?

a. He needs more practice
b. Johnny is not using haptic tracking
c. Johnny is not split brained.
d. b and c

A

d. b and c *

75
Q

David Lee’s swinging room experiment showed which of the following?

a. if the wall recedes from you, you move forward
b. if the wall approaches you, you move back
c. a and b
d. none of the above

A

c. a and b

76
Q

When you read, which visual stream of the brain are you mainly using ?

a. Bronchial stream
b. Ventral Stream
c. Dorsal Stream
d. All of the above

A

b. Ventral Stream

77
Q

The patient described by Mel Goodale who sustained brain damage following exposure to carbon monoxide had damage to the

a. Dorsal Stream
b. Horizontal Stream
c. Ventral Steam
d. None of the above

A

c. Ventral Steam

78
Q

Who studied mental rotation?

a. Roger N. Shepard
b. Dennis Proffitt
c. Daniel Kahneman
d. Mel Goodale

A

a. Roger N. Shepard

79
Q

Haptic tracking

a. Involves mirror neurons
b. Permits bimanual independence
c. Occurs after optic ataxia
d. Is the reason we can’t tickle ourselves

A

b. Permits bimanual independence *

80
Q

Eleanor Gibson’s results from the visual cliff study showed that

a. Babies can perceive depth
b. Preschoolers have the ability to form mental representations
c. Babies have no sense of fear
d. Young adults have an exceptional ability to imagine fearful situations

A

a. Babies can perceive depth

81
Q

How many bits are there if 3 yes/no questions are needed to supply a unique answer?

a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8

A

d. 8*

Fall 2012 (9 decks)

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