Psych 412 Exam #3 Flashcards
In regards to status changes, what is an interpersonal status?
Adult titles and new social relationships
Expect to take care of and present a proper role model to younger members
In regards to status changes, what is a political status?
When you are able to participate in community decision-making (being able to vote, being on a committee)
Expectation to serve their communities
In regards to status changes, what is an economic status?
When one is permitted to work and control of income
Permitted to own land, but maintain it
Contribute to community (taxes)
In regards to status changes, what is a legal status?
Participate in activities reserved for adults (drinking, voting, smoking, gambling, etc)
Subject to new laws and justice system
What are the two stages that Piaget based on cognitive development?
Heteronomous Morality ages 4-7
Autonomous Morality ages 10-12
What is Heteronomous Morality?
Ages 4-7: When you think about rules, you think they are handed down by some higher power/authority figure and they are strict rules. They think these rules can’t be changed.
“You can’t change the rules! The rules were made by my mother!”
What is Autonomous Morality?
Reached at age 10-12: Realize that if there is a consensus we can change the rules
“Jenny broke the cups by accident, that wasn’t as bad as when Billy broke a cup while trying to steal.”
According to Kohlberg, what are the three moral reasoning stages?
Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional
What is the Preconventional Moral Stage?
Focused on the individual, it is based on perceptions of odds od external reward or punishment.
What is the Conventional Moral Stage?
Focused on the relationships with others, Right is what agrees with rules established by tradition and authoritative figures.
What is the Postconventional Stage?
Maintaining principles that are universal, what is correct is based upon universal principles
What is the gender critique according to Gilligan? (Male _____ orientation vs Female ____ orientation)
Male (Justice orientation) vs Female (Caring orientation)
Results from research on gender difference: NO gender response difference
In regards to the Worldview Approach, what are the 3 “Ethics”? And what does the research show?
Autonomy, Community, and Divinity
Research shows that emerging adults in USA rely mostly on the ethics of autonomy.
In regards to the Worldview Approach, what is Autonomy?
Individual is primary moral authority having the right to do as they wish as long as their behavior does no harm to others.
In regards to the Worldview Approach, what is Community?
Responsibilities of roles in family, community are basis for moral judgments.
In regards to the Worldview Approach, what is Divinity?
Individual is a spiritual entity subject to the prescriptions of a divine authority.
When does the generation gap occur?
It occurs when older and younger people fail to understand each other because of their different experiences, behavior, and habits.
What G. Stanley Hall think about Parent-Adolescent conflict?
He strongly believed in the states of storm and stress
What did Anna Freud think about the Parent Adolescent Conflict?
She believed in healthy detachment from parents.
What did Anna Freud and Stanley Hall believe about Parent adolescent conflict?
They believed that it is inevitable and universal that each and every adolescent will go against their parents and cause conflict with them. Few scholars believe this anymore.
What does research show about Parent Adolescent Conflict? And, what can it be associated with?
Research shows that the majority of adolescents will agree with their parents, and vice versa, on morals and views in life. In addition, the majority also trust, admire and like their parents.
Conflict can be associated with mental health issues in adolescents.
What was the Judith Smetana Study?
The study investigated perspective of parent and adolescents on issues of parents and their rule making.
The sample was 100 teens with their mothers. Each were assessed separately two different times.
What was Judith Smetana measuring?
She was measuring if both the parent and teen answered questions related to authority and if they fell into one of several contexts.
In regards to the Judith Smetana Study, what was the Moral Context?
Items related closely to ethical choices and values.
In regards to the Judith Smetana Study, what was the conventional Context?
Items related closely to behavior that is socially appropriate
In regards to the Judith Smetana Study, what was the Prudential Context?
Issues related closely to health
In regards to the Judith Smetana Study, what was the Friendship context?
Items closely related to decisions made with peers and friends.
In regards to the Judith Smetana Study, what was the Personal Context?
Items that only had consequences for the individual.
In regards to the Judith Smetana Study what were the two questions that were asked?
Legitimacy: Can the parent make a rule on this topic?
Obligation: Is the teen obligated to follow the rule made by the parent on the issue even if they do not agree with it?
Summarize Smetana’s study.
- Most teens and parents agree that parents setting rules and teens obeying them is appropriate when it came to moral, conventional, and prudential issues.
- The biggest differences in perspectives showed up on friendship and personal issues.
- These results show that one could assume conflicts between teens and their parents are for the most part related to friends and personal issues.
What are the differences in perspectives in Smetana’s study?
Adults: Look at conflict as issues of the social environment
Teens: Look at conflict as an issue of personal choice.
What do Family System Theorists believe?
They believe in maintaining balance.
What are the transformations in Family Relations?
Teens start to establish more active roles in the family unit during adolescence.
What does the phrase “Adolescent’s Parents at Midlife” mean?
Financial burdens are prominent at this time
Midlife Crisis often occurs in parents.
Describe Indulgent (permissive) parents.
- High responsive
- Low demand
- Parent’s perspective is a reference to the child. However, discipline is a burden to the adolescents freedom
- Love Withdrawal- is the temporary or simple threat of taking away support and warmth with the main reason being to change bad behaviors.
Describe the Indifferent (uninvolved or disengaged) parent.
- Low responsiveness
- Low demand
- Parent’s perspective is to view the adolescent as a bother to their own personal life.
Describe the Authoritarian (disciplinarian or militaristic) parent.
- Low responsiveness
- High Demand
- Parent’s perspective is that being in control is the main issue, and adolescent cannot be trusted regarding anything
Describe the Authoritative parent.
- High responsiveness
- High demand
- Parent’s perspective is that they can bring up an adolescent to be will rounded and secure in their relationships and in life.
- Although demand is high, it is different in type when compared to the authoritarian style.
In regards to siblings, what are the positives?
- Siblings hold various and many different roles for us
- They help us create the internal working model for social interactions in life.
- They help us to learn rules and how to act in social situation. However, they can negatively show us how to act in other situations such as with alcohol and risky behavior.
In regards to siblings, what are the negatives?
The conflict seen between siblings increases during adolescence and decreases during late adolescence.
The cause of the decrease later in adolescence is because the amount of time spent around your siblings decreases as age increases.
The cognitive changes in the late adolescence allows the siblings to see other’s perspectives on issues
What is Shirley McGuire’s Sibling Typology?
Affect-Intense: High warmth/High hostility
Harmonious: High warmth/Low hostility
Hostile: Low warmth/High hostility
Uninvolved: Low warmth/Low hostility
What are the three origins of peer groups?
Educational origins, Distinct Youth Culture, and Rise of the Youth Culture
In regards to the origins of peer groups what are the educational origins?
Age segregation or age grading is grouping students together by their chronological age
Peter Gray’s Study- mixing between ages generally occurs in early adolescence at about age 13
In regards to the origins of peer groups what are the distinct youth culture?
Talcott Pearson and the concept of youth culture (described as a group of individuals that have an antagonistic value system towards adult values).
Hedonism and irresponsibility
In regards to the origins of peer groups what are the Rise of the youth culture?
First became a widespread phenomenon in the 1920s.
What are the 5 stages from adolescence to emerging adulthood?
- Same sex cliques
- Boys and girls cliques or groups start spending some time together
- Gender cliques break down when the leaders of the clique start forming romantic relationships
- The other members of the clique follow in the leaders footsteps
- Males and females pair off as they establish more serious relationships
What is a crowd?
A group of people that are reputation-based with individuals who share the same stereotypes
What is a function?
Create a placement of the adolescent in a social hierarchy
Provide help in determining identity
In regards to changes in crowd structure during adolescence, what is permeability?
Crowds tend to be more permeable towards late adolescence.
In regards to changes in crowd structure during adolescence, what is power?
The asymmetry of power between crowds decrease as people age.
In regards to changes in crowd structure during adolescence, what is identity?
The function of crowds to affect our identity diminish in later adolescence
In regards to the subculture and crowds existence at college level, what does collegiate mean?
Centers on Greek life, drinking, sporting events, and campus activities
In regards to the subculture and crowds existence at college level, what does vocational mean?
Practical view of learning skills for a career
In regards to the subculture and crowds existence at college level, what does academic mean?
Drawn to the world of ideas and knowledge.
In regards to the subculture and crowds existence at college level, what does rebel mean?
Active but are nonconformists and skeptical of material being presented.
What is a high status group?
More close friends, active in activities, more power in social hierarchy.
Popular- most liked
Controversial- liked by some, disliked by some
What is a low status group?
Fewer friends, less active in activities, less likely to be viewed as leaders and having power.
Rejected- most dislike
Neglected- Neither liked nor disliked
What is the recipe for popularity?
- Social skills
- Physical attractiveness
- Participation in organization
- Conformity with the majority
What is the controversial type?
Display proactive aggression
They learn reward-based violence with very little emotions
What is the rejected type?
Other adolescents find them excessively aggressive and disruptive
Display reactive aggression
What is the Hostile Attribution Bias?
Interpreting ambiguous situations as being hurtful and negative towards themselves.
What did the Industrial revolution bring to the table in regards to the origins of secondary schools?
Brought urbanization and child labor laws
Immigration and Americanizing of new citizens to the US
In regards to trends in US education, what is traditionalism?
The purpose of this type of education is to teach the basics.
In regards to trends in US education, what is progressives?
The purpose of this type of education is to prepare for life
In regards to trends in US education, what is the rise of progressive education in the 1930s?
This was due to the depression and concerns with labor laws.
In regards to trends in US education, what is the Sputnik and the 1950s?
Because the US fell behind in the space race, the focus of science and math became more prominent in education once again.
In regards to trends in US education, what is Baby Boom generation and the 60s and 70s?
Coursework is for the most part still watered down so US education is still far behind that of the other countries.
In regards to trends in US education, what is the 80s and Reagan years?
Demands for “back to basics”- the traditionalism approach.
In regards to trends in US education, what is the new direction in the 1990s?
Alternative forms of teaching and education became prominent
Magnet schools and charter schools
In regards to trends in US education, what is Early 21st century?
No child left behind act.
What 4 things do the experts say that good schools should have?
- Emphasize intellectual abilities- understanding what you are learning and is both important for the student and the teachers alike.
- Having committed teachers with active learning- giving freedom in presentation and also curriculum
- Have open and flexible systems to promote continual growth
- Integrate into their surrounding community- involving parents and linking students with colleges and employers
In regards to effective school (size), what are the benefits to a larger school?
- Can offer varied curriculum
2. Many material resources available to students
In regards to effective school (size), what are the benefits to a smaller school?
- Students often identify with the school more
- Achievement levels tend to be higher
- More often students participate rather than just being spectators
- Less bureaucracy in the system
What us the ideal school size?
500-1000 students
In regards to school transitions, what are original transition?
8-4 system, meaning first 8 grades, then a transition into the last 4 grades of school
In regards to school transitions, what are Junior High Schools?
Introduced in the early 20th century.
In regards to school transitions, what are Middle Schools?
Introduced in the mid 1900s and are based on the developmental needs of early adolescent’s
In regards to school transitions, what are the negative transition from primary to secondary schools?
- Academic issues rise
- Behavioral issues rise
- Emotional issues rise
In regards to school transitions, what are the transition is negative because of:
- Timing of puberty
- Feelings of anonymity surface
- Interpersonal issues
- Workload increase substantially
- Top Dog Phenomenon- going from being a big fish in a small pond, to a small fish in a big pond
What is tracking?
Separating students into different “tracks,” or courses, based on their academic skills
What are the advocates of tracking?
Advocates say that tracking offers appropriate learning environments for students based on their abilities
What are the critics of tracking?
Critics of tracking say that tracking is only good for those in the higher track and thus lower track students suffer.
Julie is given the description of a hypothetical situation involving a man who felt that he had no choice but to steal food in order to feed his starving family. When asked if she believed his decision to be right or wrong, Julie stated “No, because what if everyone did as they pleased and stole what they wanted; our society would end up breaking down and wouldn’t be able to function”. Her response reflects which level of Kohlberg’s theory?
a. autonomous d. preconventional b. conventional e. post-conventional
conventional
Adolescents are more likely to experience emotional and psychological issues if they experience which of the following parenting style(s)?
a. nondirective indulgent b. authoritarian c. authoritative d. democratic indulgent e. both a and d
b. authoritarian
Which of the following is not a listed reason for why conflict decreases between siblings as they move from early to late adolescence?
a. the proximity between siblings often decreases as they get older b. de-identification often occurs, which reduces the likelihood of conflict c. the power asymmetry often existing between siblings in early adolescence often diminished as they grew up d. as we grow older we have more control over our emotions and therefore simply less likely to openly argue with them when we disagree
d. as we grow older we have more control over our emotions and therefore simply less likely to openly argue with them when we disagree
Dan, Keith, John, and Mark are 14 year old adolescent males and the members of a single clique. Recently, Dan, the clique leader, recently started dating another student at their school. However, the other clique members have not yet started to engage in dating behavior. Which of Dunphy’s stages would this clique belong to?
a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 d. stage 4 e. stage 5
c. stage 3
Amar learned everything she ever needed to know from her mother and aunts, and other elders in the community. Amar’s mother and grandmother grew up much as she did, and life has changed very little from their time to the present. According to Mead’s work, Amar most likely lives in a(n) _____________ culture.
a. postfigurative b. prefigurative c. cofigurative d. traditional e. conventional
postfigurative
Which of the following is FALSE in regards to transitioning from a primary to secondary school system?
a. there are definitely behavioral and emotional problems associated in the transition, but it rarely has an impact on overall academic performance
b. the transition is associated with psychological issues such as depression and anxiety
c. there is often a disruption of previously established friendships
d. behavioral issues tend to increase with the transition
e. there usually is a drop in overall grades
a. there are definitely behavioral and emotional problems associated in the transition, but it rarely has an impact on overall academic performance
Which of the following is NOT a valid argument provided by research on why we shouldn’t use tracking?
a. research on tracking has found racial and ethnic biases related to track selection
b. tracking is extremely expensive to maintain once started and can cripple the financial stability of an institution
c. often students in lower tracks are called derogatory names, which could lead to either a self-fulfilling prophecy or foster learned helplessness.
d. most of the benefits, such as better teachers and resources, are provided to the higher tracks while the lower tracks often suffer
e. once you’ve started into a lower track it can be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to switch out of it in the future.
b. tracking is extremely expensive to maintain once started and can cripple the financial stability of an institution
All of the following would be considered examples of Brake’s criteria for a youth culture EXCEPT:
a. using a particular vocabulary, such as text-speak b. having a value system that dismissed responsibilities and is hedonistic in nature c. greeting friends with a particular handshake or gesture d. following a particular style of dress, such as rolling up one pant leg e. conforming in order to be considered popular and well-liked by peers
e. conforming in order to be considered popular and well-liked by peers
According to observational research on adolescent work
a. work for most adolescents tends to involve minimal training, and is often monotonous and boring in nature
b. work has proven to be an important method for adolescents to learn how to manage their finances, such as saving for the future
c. adolescents who work often gain experience on how to act independently and are often given opportunities to lead others
d. work is a valuable experience that provides opportunities for adolescents to practice what they’ve learned in school
a. work for most adolescents tends to involve minimal training, and is often monotonous and boring in nature
When asked in an extra credit exercise about what you’d like to say about your life when you get towards the end – one student stated “I was a good and decent parent to my kids and I was able to contribute to their happiness and success. I also hope that was considerate, kind, and faithful to my friends. In the end, that I was able to leave something behind that contributed positively to those around me.” According to Shweder’s World View Approach, this type of response best fits
a. the ethics of autonomy b. the ethics of community c. the ethics of divinity d. the ethics of empathy e. postconventional morality
b. the ethics of community
Lynn Gregory’s research interviewed students who were at risk for dropping out, but in the end, turned things around and stayed in school. Which is of the following is NOT one of the major reasons described by these students for turning their academics around?
a. they had a parent or someone else close to encourage and support them through their academic difficulties
b. they independently experienced a significant accomplishment on an assignment, which demonstrated to them that they could actually succeed academically
c. they had a life-altering experiencing outside the classroom, which led them to re-evaluate what they wanted out of their future, including academically
d. they were able to figure out the system, and took easier classes and lower tracks that were more accommodating to them
d. they were able to figure out the system, and took easier classes and lower tracks that were more accommodating to them
In regards to the criteria of a youth culture, what is the antagonistic value system?
hedonism, irresponsibility, and focusing on social over academic goals
In regards to the criteria of a youth culture, what is image?
dress, hairstyle, and other aspects of appearance
In regards to criteria of a Youth Culture, what is demeanor?
distinctive forms of gesture, gait, and posture
In regards to criteria of a youth culture, what is Argot?
certain vocabulary or ways of speaking
Describe James Coleman and the Youth Culture
age segregation has fueled the development of a separate and troublesome youth, distinctly different in values from adults or children
The existence of the youth culture is the origin and driving force of the large number of adolescent problems
Adolescents are more likely to talk to their peers about what? And their parents about what?
Peers —->opposite sex relationships
Parents—>Career goals
What is the postfiguritive culture?
Youth learn from their elders (eg traditional methods of farming)
What is the Cofigurative culture?
Learning from both elders and peers
What is the prefigurative culture?
Youth of the Society become teachers for elders
Within the peer group structure, what is a clique?
relatively small, tightly knit group of friends who spend considerable and often exclusive time with each other
Within the peer group structure, what is a function?
provides an environment for developing social skills
Within a peer group structure, what is the structure?
results are variable, but suggest that member changes are not uncommon
What is a Liason?
are the “social butterflies” that have friends in multiple cliques, but don’t belong to one particular clique themselves
What is a social isolate?
tend to be loners, who have very few friends or links directly to social networks
Learning Disabilities
adolescents with normal or above levels of intelligence who display difficulty in at least one specific academic area
Adolescents with a learning disability most commonly have problems with reading
What should intervention programs be based on?
individual’s learning deficits as well as their strengths
Intervention programs have the best outcomes when…
They start early
Delivered by highly committed teachers
The student is highly motivated
The adolescent’s parents demonstrate positive involvement
What are some factors included with dropping out?
socioeconomic status, racial and ethnic prejudice and discrimination, family background, parental influence and
relationships, amongst others
In most cases dropping out isn’t spontaneous, but is built upon a series of previous events
What are some family factors included with dropping out?
such as parents’ level of education and income also play a role
In regards to dropping out, how are lower SES students treated
tend to be treated differently by teachers and receive fewer rewards from others in their education experience
What are research findings by Lynn Gregory?
- the student experiences a significant accomplishment in an academic area, which is seen as authentic
- student has a healthy line of support from either a family member, significant other, or educator
- The student experiences a change in themselves, which leads them to really re-think the nature of their future
What reduces the likelihood of dropping out?
- Extracurricular involvement increases contact with educators
- maintaining academic standard to participate
- participation itself may provide a feeling of accomplishment and confidence
- being involved creates a bond between the student and the school
