Psych 490 Exam #1 Flashcards
Family development includes what two types of graded norms?
Age and Stage
Biological Framework
Aims to discover…
And to promote what?
Aims to discover the levels of organization in social interactions and relationships and how these levels or contexts of social experience are related to each other
To promote individual (and family) development.
Ecological Contexts
Microsystem
and examples
The context in which children live and interact with the people and institutions closest to them
Family, school, peers, religios affiliation, workplace, and neighborhoods
Ecological Contexts
Mesosystem
and examples
Interrelations among the components of the microsystem
Family Social Peers Religios Affiliation Workplace Neighborhoods
Ecological Contexts
Exosystem
and examples
The collection of settings that influence a child’s development but in which the child does not play a direct role
Economic system, political system, education system, government system, religios system
Ecological Contexts
Macrosystem
and examples
The system representing the values, ideologies, and laws of the society or culture
Overarching beliefs and values
Ecological Contexts
Chronosystem
and examples
The time based dimension
Dimension of time
What is the Spillover Hypothesis
The tranmission of mood, affect, or behavior across different contexts or subsystems
When it comes to wholeness and order, the whole is greater than what?
The sum of parts
Within the Hierarchical Structure, the family system is composed of subsystems, what are they?
Parent-child, marital, and sibling
What is Adaptive Self-Stabilization?
To compensate by internal changes in teh system to adapt to environmental changes.
What is Adaptive Self-Organization?
The ability to adapt to changes in or challenge to the existing systems.
In a subsystem, what is a Dyadic?
Marital, parent-child, sibling
In a subsystem, what is a triadic?
Mother, sibling 1, sibling 2
Coparenting (mother, father and at least one child)
In a subsystem, what is a Tetradic (and larger)?
Four people (e.g., mother, father, older sibling, younger sibling)
In a subsystem, what is a whole family?
Consider the family as a whole
Within a 4 member family, there are \_\_ Dyads \_\_ Triads \_\_ Tetras \_\_ Whole family
6
4
0
1
The hierarchical organization is composed of what embedded within a what?
Is composed of smaller subsystems embedded within a larger system (context)
What are the rules for interacting and relating within and across subsystems (3)
- Marital/coparenting/parental roles more power within the family
- Siblings learn how to negotiate
- Parents do not communicate through the children when they are angry
What are the characteristics of the system that that compensate for changes in the environment when dealing with adaptive self-stabilization?
Family rules/routines that organize the family systemand maintain family system even in the face of deviations
When dealing with adaptive self organization, what are the 3 responses for to external factors?
- Normative transitions: transitions to parenthood, transitions to school, one sibling leaves home for college
- Other transitions: Death of a family member, parent goes to war
What is the basic research process?
Theory —> Hypothesis (specific predictions derived from the theory) —> Gathering data
What is a hypothesis?
A specific assumption or prediction that can be tested to determine its accuracy. Studies are generally designed to test specific hypothesis.
What are the 4 ways to self-report?
- Surveys/Questions
- Daily diary/Experience sampling
- Life history timelines
- Interviews
How does self-report work on an individual or family?
They can report on other family members (kids report on maternal negativity; mother reports on fathers coparenting)
How does child self report work, and what are special methods?
Kids are less attentive, slower to respond, and have more trouble understanding the questions that researchers ask
Special Methods: puppet interview techniques, story completion
When parents engage in self report what are child behaviors generally based on?
Many observations made over time in a variety of situations
What are ways to increase accuracy when having the parents self-report (3)?
- Ask only about recent event
- Ask parents to keep a structured diary
3, Ask about “family stories”
What is a daily diary and how long does it take?
Interview or questionnaire that is completed repeatedly over a short time
What is the Ecologiccal Momentary Assessment?
Frequesnt ax of self-reported states/activities
Generally given a beeper/smart phone
Complete a series of questions whenever they are beeped (generally randomly)
Schedule for notification can vary
What are the components of an interview:
Generally more in-depth than a survey or questionnaire
Provide free responses
Interviewers can adjust questions based on respondents answers
Ex. Meta-emotion interview
What is a life history timeline?
Records of information about a lifetime chronology of events and activities.
Birth…20 mo. sibling born…24 mo. started pre-school…37 mo. mom went back to work…5 yrs started kindergarten
What are naturalistic observations?
Observations collected in natural settings without interfering with the family’s activities
What are 3 problems with naturalistic observation?
- Problems of reactivity- the change in a person’s behavior due to the fact that that they are being watched
- Observer Bias- An observer’s tendenct to be influenced by knowledge about the research design or hypothesis
- Problems with infrequently occurring behavior
What did Campos do in his home observation?
He trained observers in families homes.
Recorded what was going on every 10 minutes
Walked through home in predefined way recorded: family members’ locations, activities, etc.
What is Project Seista?
Cameras in child’s room and where parents might take infants at night when they wake up
Record all night long
See natural behavior for getting the infant to bed and how parents respond to infant night waking’s
Interval sampling (coded presence and absence of parent and child behaviors every 30 sec)
What is EAR??
Electronically Activated Recorder
It samples sounds from p’s environment for approximately 30 seconds
Analyze spimds for concepts of interest
What kinds of things are coded for EAR in family research with preschoolers?
Negative emotion words (mad, sad, angry. scared)
Location for each recording sample
Other behaviors (laughing or crying etc)
What is a structured observation?
An observation in which researchers create a situation so that behaviors they wish to study are more likely to occur (clean up task to ax child compliance)
Frequently fone in research labs (though can try to be more structured in home observations)
Avoids problems with infrequently occurring behavior
But, concern with ecological validity (can make the lab more “home like”
What is specimen record?
Researchers record everything a person does within a given period of time
What is event sampling?
Researchers record p’s behavior only when an event of particular interest occurs
What is Time (interval) sampling?
Researchers record any of a set of predetermined behaviors that occur within a specified period of time
What are nonverbal measures with examples?
Particularly important in the study of babies and young kids
Sucking response, visual preference, smiling, vocalizing, crying, positive and negative affect, and touching behavior.
What is psychophysiology?
Physiological bases of psychological processes measured by: brain activity/brain waves hormones cardiac responses elctro dermal responses (sweating)
What is the purpose of qualitatice research?
To describe, interpret, and understand the phenomenon of interest within the context in which it is experienced
Interview format is common
Not as structured as a survey interview
Analyze the content of what people say for different themes
In a cross sectional study how do researchers study?
Individual/family at 1 point in time
In a longitudinal study, how do researchers study?
They follow the same people over a period of time, observing them repeatedly
It allows for examination of changes in individuls across time rather than simply differences across age groups
Allows for examination of stability over time
Allows for examination of possible causes over time
What is the multi-method approach?
It is different methods of data collection across multiple time points and multiple recorders
In Process Oriented Reseach, what is a direct effect?
Is X associated with Y?
In process oriented research, what is indirect effect/mediation?
Pathway through which X influences Y
In process oriented research, what is moderation?
Under what conditions (or for what group of people) is X associated with Y?
What is multifinality?
The divergence of developmental pathways in which two individuals start out similarly but end at very different points
What is equifinality?
The convergence of developmental paths in which children follow very different paths to reach the same developmental end points
What is one of the most important close relationships an adult can have?
Marriage
Marital dysfuntion can adversely influence both ___ and ___ health?
Mental and physical
What is Marital Relationship Quality (MRQ)?
It takes into account multiple dimensions of the relationship
It is a developmental process–MRQ changes over time
It can be measured in multiple ways, it depends on how the researcher defines “quality”
What are some of the attributions/overall impressions in conceptualizing MRQ?
Satisfaction happiness commitment closeness love
What are the behaviors/emotions used in conceptualizing MRQ?
Positive/negative emotions conflict communication (demand-withdrawal) intimacy behaviors (self-disclosure, validation, caring) problem solving aggression compromise shared activities
What are negative communications?
Criticize (women do this more frequently) (“What is wrong with you”)
Defensiveness (Not taking responsibility)
Contempt (Any suggestion that you are more superior than your patner)
Stonewalling (men do this more frequently)-a set of behaviors that describe the listeners withdrawal and disengagement from the interaction (not looking at the speaker, no facial movement, no vocal response showing that the listener is tracking the speaker)
What are positive communication/affect?
Positive presentation of issues
Assent (including simple agreements and positive vocal listener statements)
Humor
Positive listener (the opposite of stonewalling-indicate an engaged and positive listener)
Positive Affect: Joy, interest, and enthusiasm
What is a positive coding practice?
Affection, enthusiasm, humor, interest, validation, smiling.
What are negative coding practices?
Anger, contempt, criticism, defensiveness, disgust, sadness, stonewalling.
What is coparenting?
Couples do not “parent” their children independently of the other parent
Coordination between adults in their parental roles (Mother and father; Mother and grandmother; 2 Mothers/Fathers)
Part of the Executive subsystem in the family
What does coparenting influence and what kind of family subsystem is used?
Children’s emotional and behavior outcomes even after controlling for marital relationship quality and direct parenting
Triadic (or greater)/Family-level process
Within the joint family management, what is the executive subsystem in the family?
Controlling family behaviors and communication with others (family rules/routines/rituals)
Set boundaries on aspects of family relationships
How parents manage their involvement in triadic or larger interactions with their children
Interparental conflict in front of children (and triangulation)
In childrearing agreement, what are the range of child-related topics?
Childrearing goals and values Behavioral expectations and discipline Educaiton standards/priorities Family routines Moral values Children's emotional needs Safety Childrearing disagreement associated with child behavior in preschool/early childhood
What is a supportive dimension?
Parent’s general awareness of the other
Affirmation of the other’s competence
One parent acknowledging and respecting the other’s contributions
Upholding others parenting decisions and authority
Coparenting solidarity (Affective enduring quality of growing together as parents; Process of forming a unified executive subsystem; “Growing together” or “becomming one”
What does it mean to be supportive?
Parents explicitly or implicitly agree with each other by voicing the same general message or direct assistance to other parent
Upholding other’s parenting decisions
What does it mean to undermine?
Interfering with or sabotaging the other parent’s inititaves and interventions with the child
What does it mean to be overt?
Interaction between parents that occurs in the presence of the child and the other parent
What does it mean to be covert?
Coparenting that occurs in front of the child (or not in the presence of the pther parent)
What is undermining coparenting?
Higher levels of UC (such as hostile and competitive coparenting) associated with children engaging in:
Higher levels of aggression/anger
Noncompliance to parental directives
Higher levels of behavioral inhibition
What is supportive coparenting?
Higher levels of UC are associated with:
Fewer behavioral problems
More positive behaviors
What is goodness-of-fit?
The goodness of fit between parent and child characteristics determine the development of parent child relationship
Parenting characteristics, Situational characteristics, and Child temperment all play the role and work together to form the goodness of fit.
What is marital conflict?
An interaction between married partners that involves a minor or major difference of opinion, and can be mostly negative or mostly positive
What are examples of destructiveness?
Aggression defensiveness hostility personal insult withdrawal
What are examples of constructiveness?
Support
affection
problem-solving
What is the spillover hypothesis?
Refers to the direct transfer of mood, affect, or behavior from one setting to another
Thought to be a primary mechanism whereby quality of the marital relationship influences parenting/parent-child relationship
Hard to achieve positive parent child relations within the contect of negative marital relationships
If this is supported we would expect to find: a positive correlation between marital conflict and difficulties within the parent-child relationship
What is a compensatory hypothesis?
The idea that people seek opposite experiences in one system to make up for or compensate for deficiencies in another system
Therefore, parents will engage in positive interactions with child to make up for poor relationship quality (if this is supported, we would expect to find: Negative correlation between marital relationship quality and parent child relationship quality)
Positve relationship in in e subsystem can make up for a negative relationship within another subsystem
What is the social learning theory?
How marital relationship quality could directly influence children’s outcomes:
Children may learn dysfunctional patterns of social interactions by observing their parents
Overt marital conflict can increase children’s level of distress and influence physiological, emotional, and behavioral responding
Especially unresolved and destructive conflict
What are direct effects?
Marital r’ship quality—->Child Adjustment
Higher levels of marital conflict( frequency, duration, intensity, not resolved) is associated with:
Greater internalizing and externalizing behavior problems
Difficulties with emotion processing
Lower levels of social competence
Disruptions in physiological stress-response systems
Greater risk for physical health problems
What are indirect effects?
Marital conflicts has been associated with: Less parental sensitivity Greater neglect More insecure parent-child attachment Lower levels of parental warmth Greater harsh parenting
