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Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Schizophrenia Positive symptoms

A

Disorganized thinking
Delusions
Hallucinations
Behavior

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2
Q

Disorganized thinking

A

formal thought disorder

Neologisms, Tangentiality, Derailment, Loosening of associations (word salad), Private word usage (neologism),
Perseveration, Nonsequitors, Poverty of speech (Alogia)

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3
Q

Delusions

A

Fixed false beliefs, not open to counter-example and not consistent with those of a culture or subculture or religion:

Paranoid/persecutory; Ideas of reference; External locus of control; Thought broadcasting; Thought insertion or withdrawal; Jealousy, Guilt; Grandiosity, Religious delusions; Somatic delusions

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4
Q

Hallucinations

A

Perceptual experience in the absence of stimuli, does not include hallucinations falling asleep (hypnogognic) or awakening, (hypnopompic) which are normal experiences.
Auditory; Visual; Olfactory; Somatic/tactile
Formication (infestation by bugs);Gustatory

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5
Q

Behavior

A

Bizarre dress, appearance; Catatonia; Motor abnormalities; Poor impulse control ;Anger, agitation; Stereotypies

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6
Q

Schizophrenia negative symptoms

A

diminished emotional expression

avolition

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7
Q

Diminished emotional expression

A 
Decreased expression of emotion
Inappropriate affect
Blunting of affect/mood
Isolation or dissociation of affect
Incongruent affect
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8
Q

Avolition

A

Decreased self initiated activity asociality
Decreased drive
Loss of willed intentions
Anticipatory or consumatory anhedonia

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9
Q

Schizoaffective disorder

A

For cases with > 2 weeks of psychosis w/o a mood syndrome and have experienced mood episodes for at least half of the total duration of their psychotic disorder from its onset.

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10
Q

Kraepelin

A

distinguished manic depressive insanity from dementia praecox based on the course of illnes’

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11
Q

Alzheimer

A

discovery of a neuropathological anatomy for a mental illness.

(Nissl Stain)

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12
Q

Bipolar I disorder

A

has episodes of Mania

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13
Q

Bipolar II disorder

A

No mania, just hypomania

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14
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

> 50% of time too high or too low

dysthymic/hypomanic

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15
Q

Bipolar disorders virtually always includes

A

Depressive Disorders
Major depressive disorder
Dysthymic disorder
Depressive disorder NOS

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16
Q

Ego defenses (defense mechanism)

A

Unconscious and automatic mental processes everyone utilizes to prevent undesirable feelings (ex. Anger, depression, sadness) in response to both internal and external stressors and emotional conflict

= Coping mechanisms

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17
Q

Ego functioning

A

Methods of anxiety and affect tolerance (i.e. defense mechanisms)

Insight into mood, behavior, thoughts

Management of relationships

Sense of identity, history and place in the world

Reality testing

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18
Q

Splitting

A

less adaptive (immature)

difficult or impossible for a person to tolerate the idea that anything bad exists in someone - or oneself - that they view as good, they unconsciously keep good and bad separate

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19
Q

immature defenses

A 
Acting out
Denial
Dissociation
Fixation
Passive aggression
Projection
Regression
Splitting
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20
Q

Repression

A

idea that the bad or unacceptable thought or feeling is kept unconscious

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21
Q

more adaptive defenses

A 
Displacement
Identification
Isolation of affect
Rationalization
Reaction formation
Repression
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22
Q

most adaptive defenses

A

Altruism
Humor
Sublimation
Suppression

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23
Q

psychotherapy always occurs

A

within a set framework, by a trained professional, in order to improve the patient’s mental and emotional health

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24
Q

anatomical OCD

A

-Increased metabolism in the caudate nucleus in the basal ganglia is reversed by Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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25
Q

anatomical BPD

A

-After Transference Focused Psychotherapy, brain function at level of amygdala and orbital prefrontal cortex is changed in patients with negative affect.

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26
Q

psychodynamic psychotherapy purpose

A

attempting to help make unconscious processes conscious

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27
Q

psychodynamic psychotherapy techniques

A 
clarification
confrontation
interpretation 
free association
transference 
countertransference
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28
Q

psychodynamic psychotherapy indications

A
  • Depression
  • Anxiety disorders
  • Personality Disorders (especially Cluster B)
  • No DSM5 Pathology (Problems with “work, love, or play”)
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29
Q

goals of supportive psychotherapy

A
  • Reduce symptoms
  • Maintain self-esteem
  • Maximize adaptive capacities
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30
Q

techniques of supportive psychotherapy

A
  • Empathy, conversational style (alliance building)
  • Reassurance, normalizing (esteem building)
  • Advice, teaching, anticipatory guidance, behavioral techniques (skills building and anxiety reduction)
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31
Q

indications of supportive psychotherapy

A

Almost all major mental illnesses including psychosis

Recent traumas or crises

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32
Q

CBT purpose

A

Therapist works with patient to identify automatic thoughts, learns adaptive responses

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33
Q

CBT indications

A

Panic Disorder: evaluation and testing of catastrophic thinking
GAD: realistic evaluation of danger
OCD: exposure and response prevention
Phobias: cognitive work, guided exposure, systematic desensitization, relaxation techniques
Depression, PTSD, substance abuse, sleep disorders

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34
Q

types of manualized psychotherapies

A

Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
Transference Focused Psychotherapy
Interpersonal Therapy

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35
Q

indication of Dialectical Behavioral Therapy

A

BPD, but also used with major mental illnesses in inpatient settings

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36
Q

DBT techniques/process

A

Skills to manage affect
Avoidance of self-destructive behavior
Teaching skills for more effective interpersonal interactions
Treatment contracts
Creation of a validating environment (acceptance by therapist and group)
Homework assignments

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37
Q

types of stage theories

A

psychodynamic

cognitive

38
Q

Psychodynamic theory

A

Behavior is a surface characteristic that represents symbolically the deep inner workings of the mind – the unconscious

39
Q

Freud’s theory

A

Believed that people move through psychosexual stages (biological urges) for the adult personality to be formed

40
Q

Erikson’s theory

A

Believed people develop in psychosocial stages throughout life

41
Q

difference in Freud vs. Erikson

A

Erikson- involved social and environmental factors, continued after puberty

42
Q

Cognitive theory

A

Stress conscious thoughts and how the brain processes information
• Children actively construct their own cognitive worlds

43
Q

AAO of Cognitive theory

A

assimilation
accommodation
organization

44
Q

Piaget’s

A

stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor
pre-operational
concrete operations
formal operations

45
Q

Kohlberg’s

A

moral development

preconventional
conventional
postconventional

46
Q

tasks of infancy

A

• Motor control
• Establishment of routines
– Day-Night, Sleep-Wake rhythms – Regulate crying
• Development of Emotions
• Attachment
– Attunement, object constancy
• Self-other differentiation – Consciousness

47
Q

Ability to roll over

A

3 months

48
Q

Sitting without support

A

7 months

49
Q

Crawling

A

9-10 months

50
Q

Walking

A

13 monoths

51
Q

up and down stairs

A

18 months

52
Q

Facial recognition

A

6 wks-2 months

53
Q

laughing in response to games

A

7-9 months

54
Q

social smiling

A

1-2 months

55
Q

social referencing

A

using another person’s response to an ambiguous situation as a guide for one’s own response

56
Q

temperament definition

A

Inborn patterns of responding to the environment

57
Q

Chess and Thomas

A

easy children
difficult children
slow to warm-up childrem

58
Q

goodness of fit

A

How well parents and the environment fit or adjust to the temperament of the child

59
Q

inhibited children- anatomical differences

A

All inhibited subjects showed a significant activation of the amygdala

60
Q

babies begin to recognize their parents and respond preferentially to them

A

2-3 months

61
Q

selective attachments form and fear of strangers develop

A

6-8 months

62
Q

attachment types

A
  • Securely Attached
  • Insecurely Attached – Resistant/Ambivalent – Avoidant
  • Disorganized/Disoriented
63
Q

tasks of the toddler years

A 
autonomy and independence
improved motor control
language 
self regulation
cooperative and pretend play
empathy and standards
gender identity
64
Q

– Brain reaches 4/5 of eventual size

– Daytime bladder control and bowel control

A

age 2-3

65
Q

– Run easily

– Throw with accuracy – Running jumps

A

age 5

66
Q

– Pour milk
– Button clothes
– Begin to attend to their own toileting

A

age 3

67
Q

– Cut with scissors – Copy letters

A

age 4

68
Q

telegraphic sentences

A

18 months

69
Q

full sentences

A

age 3

70
Q

self recognition

A

18-20 months

71
Q

self-conscious (moral) emotions

A

– Pride, guilt, shame, embarrassment

– Use of personal pronouns – I, mine

72
Q

effortful control

A

– Following rules
– Constraining emotional outbursts
– Planning long term strategy

73
Q

parenting behavior

A

emotionality

control

74
Q

parenting styles

A

authoritative
authoritarian
permissive
indifferent

75
Q

boys issues

A

 Boys
 Autism
 ADHD
Conduct Disorder Language problems Learning disabilities OCD (early onset)  Tics/Tourette’s

76
Q

girls issues

A

 Depression
 Shyness/social anxiety
Eating disorders Panic disorder

77
Q

cause of autism

A

multiple etiologies
No single cause, no single cure
No biological marker
No evidence of parenting defects or emotionally induced autism

78
Q

hallmarks of autism: social communication and social interaction

A

Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity,

Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors

Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships,

79
Q

hallmarks of autism: restrictive, repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behavior

A

Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech

Insistence on sameness,

Highly restricted, fixated interests

Hyper- or hypo-reactivity to sensory input

80
Q

Shared major feature of Social communication disorder and ASD

A

A persistent difficulty with verbal and nonverbal communication that cannot be explained by low cognitive ability

81
Q

associated symptoms of autism

A

 Intellectual Disability (most common coexisting disorder)  Epilepsy
Developmental Syndromes Metabolic Disorders (e.g., PKU)
ADHD
Obsessive/Compulsive Disorder
Depression&Anxiety
Other psychiatric disorders

82
Q

key predictors of autism

A

at 18 months

Lack of pretend play
Lack of proto-declarative pointing  Lack of social interest
Lack of joint attention

83
Q

weak central coherence theory

A

Tendency to focus on details rather than the meaningful whole

84
Q

autism MRI

A

5-10% above normal- enlarged brain

may be related to decreased pruning

85
Q

fMRI of autism

A

Hypoactivation of the fusiform gyrus during face perception tasks.

 Amygdala dysfunction

86
Q

hallmarks of ID

A

*Impairments in Adaptive Functioning

 Effective coping with common life demands

 Ability to meet standards of independence

87
Q

recognition of mild ID- when?

A

often indistinguishable from other children until school age

88
Q

moderate ID- highest level of educational ability

A

Unlikely to progress beyond the 2nd grade academically

89
Q

profound ID

A

Considerable impairments in sensorimotor functioning; very limited understanding of speech
 Dependent for all aspects of living

90
Q

selective mutism

A

Consistent failure to speak in specific social situations (in which there is an expectation for speaking, e.g., at school) despite speaking in other situations

91
Q

treatment for anxiety disorder

A

 Psychotherapy
— Psychoeducation , Cognitive/Behavior therapy

 Medication

Neuro (15 decks)

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