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Neuro > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Corpus callosoum

A

thick curved band of white matter
Located ventral to mid-sagittal cortical surface
Commisural fibers
Allows connection between 2 hemispheres
Genu, splenium, body, rostrum
Continuous with lamina terminalis (rostrum)

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2
Q

® Enlarged genu

A

= frontal lobe growth in humans

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3
Q

Fornix

A

Arching fiber bundle- prominent
Hippocampus to mammilary bodies connection
Ventral to corpus callosum
Curves ventrally into diencephalon to form columns of fornix

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4
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

□ Between skull and outer dural layer
□ Biconvex shape- does not cross sutures
□ Usually middle meningeal artery involved

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5
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

□ Between inner layer of dura and arachnoid
□ Crosses sutures
□ Crescentic shape
□ Whip-lash, shaken baby syndrome
□ Increase in ICP- damage to brain tissue

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6
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

□ Between arachnoid and pia

□ Follows sulci

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7
Q

Meningiomas

A

□ May occur intracranially or within spinal canal
□ Arise from arachnoid layer
□ Greatest potential for total removal and care
□ Long clinical history usually
□ Depending on location, may experience mental deterioration, limb weakness, sensory abberation, visual loss…

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8
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

separates cerebral hemispheres

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9
Q

Falx cerebri

A

infolding of dura mater, contains inferior and superior sagittal sinuses

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10
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

contains the transverse sinus, lies between cerebrum and cerebellum

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11
Q

Gyrus (cerebrum)

A

folium (cerebellum)

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12
Q

Brainstem

A

protrudes caudally from cerebrum. medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus

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13
Q

Metencephalon

A

pons + cerebellum

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14
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

= sylvian fissure- largest of the sulci, separates temporal from frontal and parietal lobes

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15
Q

Central sulcus

A

= Rolandic fissure- vertical sulcus, runs uninterrupted from longitudinal fissure to lateral sulcus

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16
Q

Preoccipital notch

A

subtle indentation created by bony tentorium

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17
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncle

A

run laterally along ventral surface of pons, connect pons to the cerebellum

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18
Q

Pyramids

A

run on medulla, paramedian ridges

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19
Q

Olives

A

ovoid elevations lateral to pyramids on medulla

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20
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

runs into rostral end of pons from deep in cerebrum. Lies in most ventral portion of mesencephalon (midbrain). Oculomotor nerve (III) exits from here

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21
Q

Interpeduncular fossa

A

spans diencephalon and mesencephalon. Bordered by pons, cerebral peduncles, obtic chiasm and tracts

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22
Q

Tuber cinereum

A

within the interpeduncular fossa, immediately behind optic chiasm

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23
Q

Lamina terminalis

A

portion of prosencephalic vesicle, forms anterior wall of third ventricle

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24
Q

Fornix

A

found ventral to the corpus callosum. Contains fibers from structures in temporal lobe running to diencephalon (mammillary bodies)

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25
Q

Septum pellucidum

A

membrane between corpus callosum and fornix. Lies between the lateral ventricles

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26
Q

Anterior commissure

A

contains fibers traveling between frontal and temporal poles of each hemisphere

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27
Q

Interventricular foramen of Monro

A

lateral ventricles w/ third ventricle, behind column of the cornix

28
Q

Diencephalon

A

= hypothalamus + dorsal thalamus + epithalamus

29
Q

Hypothalamus

A

triangular region ventral to anterior commissure. Controls autonomic functions and modulates some related aspects of behavior: emotional responses, feeding/drinking, reproduction

30
Q

Epithalamus

A

represented by stria medullaris, habenular nuclei, pineal gland

31
Q

Cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)

A

connected to third ventricle

32
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

where CSF exits the brain. Foramen of Magendie and foramina of Luschka connect it to the subarachnoid space

33
Q

Major blood supply to the brain

A

vertebral arteries (infero-posterior regions) and internal carotid arteries (rostral regions)

34
Q

Branches of the carotid artery

A

posterior communicating artery, opthalmic artery, anterior choroidal artery, anterior cerebral, middle crebral arteries

35
Q

Branches of the middle cerebral arteries

A

lenticulo-striate arteries. Supply the anterior limb of the internal capsule and basal ganglia. Most common sites of stroke

36
Q

Branches of vertebral arteries

A

anterior spinal artery, PICA, basilar –> anterior inferior cerebellar, labrynthine, pontine, superior cerebellar arteries, posterior cerebral

37
Q

filum terminale

A

extension of pia matter from conus medullar is to coccygeal ligament

38
Q

T2W

A

fluid is white. Good for assessing gray matter

39
Q

T1W

A

fluid is dark. Arrow pointing to rootlet. Harder to see contents of thecal sac

40
Q

Dorsal median sulcus (usually closed)

A

Separates R and L dorsal funiculus

41
Q

Dorsal funiculus

A

separated from central canal by gray commissure. Pathway that conveys fine discriminatory somatosensory information, conscious proprioception, vibratory sensation

Fasciculus gracilis: all spinal levels, lateral

Fasciculus cuneatus; cervical and upper thoracic levels, medial

42
Q

Dorsal fasciculus of Lissaur

A

superficially-located pale region, axons w/ little or no myelin.

43
Q

Fasciculus proprious

A

white matter that rings the gay matter. Contains axons that interconnect different spinal cord levels

44
Q

Ventral commissure

A

spans below central canal, axons of dorsal horn cells that form second order neurons in ALS system. Conveys pain, temperature, crude touch sensation

45
Q

Dorsal horns

A

Substantia gelatinosa: pale staning in Weigert

Posteromarginal zone- superficial to gelatinosa. Thin, cell poor layer

Nucleus proprious- deep to gelatinosa. Forming base of dorsal horn

46
Q

Weigert stained section

A

myelin stains darkly (white matter is super dark)

47
Q

Nissl stain

A

cell body stains darkly (gray matter is darker)

48
Q

Proprioceptive tracts

A

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT)

Ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT)

Form superficial rim of lateral funiculus

49
Q

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT)

A

From lateral border of dorsal root entry zone to ~central canal

50
Q

Ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT)

A

Extends ventrally to transition from ventral to lateral funiculus

51
Q

Spinothalamic tract (anterolateral system ALS)

A

Conveys pain, temperature, crude touch information
Located deep in lateral and ventral funiculus’
Wraps around the lateral border of the ventral horn

52
Q

Lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

Originates in lateral vestibular nucleus (Deiters nucleus)
Regulating muscle tone and reflex response to head movement
Located at ventral border of ventral funiculus- most levels

53
Q

Cervical (C1-8)

A

Lower: enlarged dorsal and ventral horns
White matter dominates
Dorsal funiculus w/ gracilis and cuneatus
Central gray commisure thin stripe spanning the midline

54
Q

Thoracic (T 1-12)

A

Narrow dorsal and ventral horns (except T1)
White matter dominates
Lateral norm- contains intermediolateral cell column: preganglionic sympathetic
Nucleus dorsalis (Clarke’s column, nucleus thoracicus)- T1s-L2
Located at medial base of dorsal horn
Relay of proprioceptive information about the lower limb
Fasciculus cuneatus in upper thoracic sections

55
Q

Lumbar (L 1-5)

A

Large dorsal and ventral horns
Large lateral outpocketings of ventral horns
Constricted central gray region
Only fasciculus gracilis- laterally-directed wing

56
Q

Sacral (S 1-5)

A

Low white:gray ratio- gray matter dominates
Only funiculus gracilis
Thick central gray area spanning the midline
Large dorsal and ventral horns
Ventral horns don’t bay out laterally
Cauda Equina nerve roots adjacent

57
Q

anterior cingulate gyrus

A

Located in the prefrontal cortex (PFC)
Center for saliency

Allows a person to prioritize

Exerts control over the midbrain (the “conscience” or the “mind”) allowing one to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially-unacceptable outcomes

58
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

responsible for decision making.

59
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

A

Center for impulse control

60
Q

amygdala

A

Emotional Center

Stores emotional memories about circumstances of drug use

61
Q

hippocampus

A

Memory Center

Organizes and stores information about circumstances around drug use

62
Q

drugs that increase GABA

A

alcohol, tranquilizers

63
Q

drugs that decrease GABA

A

caffeine

64
Q

drugs that increase glutamate

A

PCP, caffeine

65
Q

drugs that decrease glutamate

A

alcohol

Neuro (15 decks)

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