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Psych 112 Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Bio Psychosocial Approch

A

Body, mind, psychology, people

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2
Q

Health Psychology

A

How does biopsycho social factors relate to promotion, maintenance, of health.
Prevention, causation and treatment of illness

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3
Q

What is stress

A

Stressor, subjective cognitive appraisal - emotional (annoyance, anger), physioligcal, (hormones, nervous system) behavioural (lashing out, blaming onself, coping)

Involve a pattern of cognitive appraisals, physiological responses an behavioural tendencies (Think, feel & Act)
Everyone deals with stress differently
- Perceive imbalance between situational demands and the resources to cope with them. Threaten ones wellbeing

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4
Q

Stressors

A

Somethng that triggers a stress response

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5
Q

Kind of Stressors:
Acute vs Chronic

A

Acute: Short term will come to an end (Final exam, competition)

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6
Q

What changes the emotional state connected to stress

A

Appraisal (assessment) and perception (How we think about something)

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7
Q

Kind of stressors:
Daily hassles, Life changes, Traumatic Events

A

Daily hassles can accumulate (micro-stressors)
Life changes Marriage, school, new job
Traumatic event: Victim of something or natural disaster

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8
Q

Kind of CHRONIC stressors

A

Chronic negative situation: Living in a dangerous place, part of a minority
Chronic illness: Imposition of pain, limitations due do to illness
Chronic Job stress: high pressure or high demand

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9
Q

Stress can be caused by 4 different factors

A

Frustration

Conflict (Decision and choice)
Approach/Approach: +/+, things you want to do.
Avoidance/Avoidance (-/-) Clean vs Garage
Approach/Avoidance: Moving house vs not moving house (+/-)

Change (Social readjustement Scale)
Pressure (time, perform/conform) like sports

Change
Pressure

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10
Q

Psychology Stress Cycle - Jaremko

A

Physiological Arousal
Leads to
Automatic Appraisal of situation as anxiety
leads to
Negative self-statement

You can short circuit or interupt the stress at these 3 points (deep breath, change your narrative)

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11
Q

ABC model of stress

A

A - Situation
B- thoughts, feeling, appraisal
C- Reaction

In order to change C you need to change B particularly automatic thoughts

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12
Q

Appraisal & its different kind

A

It is key in the ability to handle stressful. It will dictate the response

Primary Appraisal: How “big” is it. Unthinkable lost or a challenge

Secondary Appraisal: Assessment of one’s own resources, which will affect ones ability to deal with stressors

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13
Q

Self-statement, what it involves

A

How stressful is the situation (1 to 10) What are the best and worst scenario
-Put things into perspectives
-Take a step back
-Reframe it

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14
Q

Investigating your thinking style as a way to manage stress

A

By doing that, you can see if you have the tendency to overgeneralise or catastrophizing

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15
Q

Problem solving (Meichenbaum)
7 steps

A
  1. Problem Identification: What is the concern
  2. Goal Selection: What do I want
  3. Generation of Alternative: What can I do to get there
  4. Consideration of Consequence: What might happen based on the alternative
  5. Decision making: What is my decision
  6. Implementation: Time to do it
  7. Evaluation: Did the goal got met?

Talking about the success with other is an important part - Part of the Inoculation Training (PTSD thing)

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16
Q

Biology of Stress

A

Hypothalamus—Sympathetic Nervous System—Adrenal medulla (Epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced in the gland and released into the bloodstream, increasing heart rate and respiration, diverting blood from digestion to skeletal muscles, and dilate pupils.

Simultanitely

Hypothalamus - pituitary gland – adrenal glands (cortisol is produced which increase energy and decrease inflammation: Fight or flight response

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17
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A

Describes the body’s predictable response to stress, occurring in three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Phase 1: Alarm Reaction - SNS is activated which mobilize resources
Phase 2: Resistance: Fully engaged and fighting back
Phase 3: Exhaustion: Run out of steam, reserves depleted - what if the stressor is still there.

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18
Q

Effect of Prolonged Stress

A

Damages our body & Brain (compromise our immune system, lower white blood cell, increase inflammation and increase susceptibility to infection
Heart disease but could be more link with unhealthy behaviour, inflammation and elevated heart rate)

Slows production of new neurons (neurogenesis) some neurones (Some neural circuit degenerates (No human study though)

Shorten telomeres (pieces of DNA at the end of chromosome usually occurs as we age. Cell dies and shrten someones life

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19
Q

Coping Strategy - Maladaptive

A

Lashing out: Psychological or physical
Self-Defense: Avoidant behaviour to protect oneself from stress, may use defense mechanism (Self-deception)
Self-Indulgence: Alcohol, other drugs
Learned-heplesness: Stop trying/get numb

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20
Q

Coping Strategies - Constructive

A

Problem focused- Coping: Efforts aimed at stressor (leave early to avoid traffic)

Emotion-Focused Coping: Changing feelings about the stressor/cognitive reappraisal
(Learn to react differently/calmly to rush hour on traffic)

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21
Q

Burnout - describe

A

Chronic work-related stress
Leads to exhaustion, cynism, low self-efficacy “Question your own ability”

Lack of control, inadequate recognition for ones work

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22
Q

PTSD

A

Enduring psychological disturbance caused by trauma

Symptoms: Sleep issue, flashback, hyperarousal, agitation, severe anxiety, emotional numbing

Causes: Wtinessing or experiencing a traumatic event or series of events (human perpetrators is more problematic and traumatising than natural events)

Likelyhood: Lack of social support, Prior trauma, childhood stresses, pre-existing psychological conditions, lack of constructive coping strategies etc.

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23
Q

Individual response to stress:
What is it influenced by

A

Different in intensity/sensitivity of autonomic nervous system
Do you display high or low cardio activity in response to stressor?

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24
Q

Social Support + stress
what is the relationship

A

the more PERCEIVED social support = less stress (about the quality no number)
why?
Boost self-confidence
Presence of others reduces bodily rousal + negative emotions

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25
Personality trait and stress
Optimism, conscientiousness, less neurotic = less stress
26
Personality style: Type A and B describe
A = Style resulting in continual stress; competitive, impatient, angry, hostile B= laid back, less aggressive, more relax, experience lower level of stress
27
The benefits of stress
Eustress: Optimal stress level; energies and motivates physical + psychological health behaviours (Reframe your stress) Inoculation: Dealing with moderate level of stress to improve functioning in increasingly stressful situations associated with resilience. (Exposing yourself to stress, what are your tools and coping strategies)
28
Prevention: how to stay healthy name a few
Social Support (most important) Learn Relaxation/Meditation Stress management Exercise frequently Internal locus of control + positivity Nutrition Sleep Nature Humour
29
Define psychological disorders
Distress on us or others Dysfunction (impairment) Deviance (not typical or culturally expected response) Diagnosis: Prevailing cultural values, social trends political forces and scientific knowledge
30
Historical Overview of mental disorders
- Demonic possession - Disease/organic illness (sysphilss can reach the brain) Non - Bio psycho-social illness (multifactorilals)
31
Diagnosis how it works
DSM-5 tr (North America)| ICD-11 : International classification of diseases (outside of NA - culturally different) Goal: Primary goal is to be descriptive and provide clear diagnosis Looks at: Symptoms onset Predisposing Factors Course (how it progress) Prevalence (How it is represented in society) sex ratio etc. Cultural Issue I diagnosis
32
Challenges with the DSM 5 tr
Danger with over diagnosis Power of diagnosis labels ID (Stigma, you are that kid with ADHD) Confusion of serious mental disorders with normal problems (stress related for instance?) Illusion of objective and universal - so culturally variant example of Drapetomania which reflects cultural + social prejudice; slave running away from
33
Advantage of the DSM
When use correctly with other valid, objective test, improves reliability of diagnosis Recent incision of culture-bound syndrome: Disoredrs that are specific to a particular cultural context (fear of offending others, blushing, odours, anorexia)
34
Cause of mental disorders
Currently investigating Biological, psychological, and environmental (social-culturual) factors
35
Diathesis
Predisposition that increase chance of develiping a disorder; VULNERABILITY; put people at risk which isn't just bio
36
What increase your chances of having a mental disorder
Bio: Brain, genetic makeup, chemical functionning, viral infection Psychological: Interpersonal interaction, cognitive set, personality trait (lack of social skills for instance) Sociocultural: Socialisation, cultural ideals, perverty (where you live) To trigger: A STRESSOR (environmental or life disturbance which switch it on)
37
Stigma
For many, the stigma of having a mental illness can worsen a person's functioning
38
Most common disorder in North America
Substance use disorder Anxiety disorders Depressive disorders
39
Mood-disorder : depressive disorder
Major depressive disorder (unipolar) Common cold disorder (very pop) Prevalence: 13-15% lifetime 2:1 F/M
40
Subtypes of depressive disorder + Risk
-Not common: Depression with psychotic features (Delusion/Hallucination) -Seasonal Affective Disorder -Postpartum Have 1 episode of depression, greater risk of reoccurance (4-5 more episodes)
41
BiPolar Disorder (manic and depression)
1% prevalence 1:1 F/M
42
Depression accross lifespan and how it shows
Toddlers/Infants: Failure to thrive (1:1) Children: Irritability (1:1) Adolescent: Anger (2:1) Adults: Sadness (2:1) Why more female? Could be more reported, male get into drugs
43
Diagnosing Depression
Sad mood Lack of control/Helplessness Lack of care/give up Lack of energy Lack on interest in your normal activity Sleep difficulties Appetite disturbance Suicidal thoughts Need 5 for over two weeks for diagnosis
44
Diathesis stress model of depression
Bio: Genetic factors, low level of serotonin and or norepinephrine high levels of cortisol (stress hormones) Psycho: Violence, early loss increase likelihood depressive cognitive triad External locus of control Pessimistic thinking, rumniation Learnt Helplesness Low social skills + low support.
45
Treatment for depression
Biomedical: Antidepressants (mild to severe) SNRIs, Prozac, Zoloft (Doesnt work on all, dosage is important) ECT & Exptl techniques: Brain stimulation (TMS + DBS) Psychological: CBT (Mild to moderate) Therapy = best in the long term Antidepressant= good in short term There is no one size fits all (mild depression = 9months without treatments)
46
Excessive Anxiety: Anxiety disorders (subtypes)
GAD (Generalised anxiety disorder) Phobias Panic Disorder Obsessive compulsive disorders Trauma Disorders
47
Comorbidity
When you have one disorder who are diagnosed with another one (anxiety is often comordial w depression)
48
GAD described
Continuous worry, free-floating anxiety Impending disaster, somatic complaints Irritable, distractable, Insomnia No Specific anxiety provoking event. Gradual Onset
49
Phobia
Exaggerated, unrealisit fear Claustrophobia, Arachnophobia and Agoraphobia 10% liftetime 3/2 F/M
50
Panic disorder
Recurring Panic Attacks Feelings of impending doom or death Physiological symptoms (rapid breathing, dizziness) Interpretation of bodily reactions is key to developing this disorder Late adol. early adulthood 2/3 M/F 5% lifestime
51
Obsessive compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Obsessive thoughts Compulsive: actions or mental acts to reduce distress (cleanliness, oderliness) Lifetime prevalence: 2-3% 1-1 F/M
52
Diathesis-Stress model for anxiety
Bio: Genes Biochemical factors (GABA) Psychological: Perceived lack of control (helplessness) in childhood Heightened sensibility to threatening stimuli Recall threatening information Catastrophizing Avoidance of anxiety - provoking objects or situation
53
Treatment for anxiety
Biomedical: Medication (Valium, Xanax, Librium) Psychological: Behaviour therapy; most effective
54
Schizophrenia (Split Mind)
Psychotic disorder Distorded perceptions of reality and irrational behaviour Delusions: Cognitive distortions (Grandeur, persecution) Hallucination: Sense affected. Hear or see things that doesnt exist Disorganised + Incoherent: Conversation doesnt make sense Disturbed Emotions: scream or laugh loudly out of nowhere Impaired Cognitions: Doesnt see things rationaly
55
Negative symptoms
Apathy (lack of energy, iinterest) Alogia: Speech reduce Anhedonia: Inability to experience pleasure Asociability: Not interested in peeps Emotionally Flat: Treat with antidepressant
56
Dissociative disorders
Dissociative disorders are a class of disorders in which people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity. Validity of diagnosis is debatable, also romanticized disorder Lack of bological marker and do not know the cause big trauma for sure
57
Etiology of schizophrenia
Biological: Combination of genes, 48% concordence in twin studies Affect dopamine, serotonine, glutamate, GABA
58
Lesser research on schizophrenia
Structural Brain abnormalities (enlarged brain ventricules, spaces) Prenatal (Viral infection malnutrition/birth complication) Adolescent Synaptic pruning disruptions Biomedical treatment is obligatory because its biological
59
Preventions for mental disorders
We need to look at the stressor even if we have the predisposition Biomedical treatment and psychological tratments (insights on behaviour) only 30% of people seek psychological help. (avoidance, lack of ressources, stigma, financial)
60
Bio-medical treatment
On the rise, medication that alter the production of or response to neurotransmitters in the brain. They work ; double blind study - randomized controlled group
61
Drugs use for psychological disorder (4 types) describe + cautions
Anti-psychotic (affect the dopamin levels, reduce positive symptoms) Side effect: Sluggish***, constipation, dry mouth, muscular rigidity Anti-anxiety: Heavily prescribed and used, reduce tension and anxiety. Band-aid not a cure. Side effect: Depression, nausea, drowsiness, dependance and tolerance anti-depressant: Primary treatment for mood disorder. 1)Increase availability of of norepenephrine, serotonin (SNRis) takes 2-4 weeks 2) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRis) used for mood and anxiety disorders Nosea, emotonal numbness, dry mouth, suicidal ideation?? Mood stabilizer: Bipolaar disorder Lithium carbonate moderate neorep and stops overstimulation from glutamate Side effects: hard on the kidney, thyroid problems Cautions: High relapse, drop out rates (because of side effects) Placebo effect, dosage problems, unknown longterm risk
62
What is direct brain intervention 1
Psychosurgery - until 1950w (Destroy selected part of the brain believed to be involves in emotional disorders) electroconvulsive therapy ECT: Induced seizures For Severe depression (70-80% recover) though affect memory, impacted attention and cognitive deficits
63
Direct brain intervention II
TMS Transcranial Magnetic stimulation (knocknock on brain not too invasive) Left side of the brain is underactive for peeps with depressiono so that stimulate it) 50% DBS - Deep brain stimulation Neurosurgery, electrode inside the brain VERY EXPENSIVE. (CNN video)
64
Type of psychotherapy
Psychodynamic (Freud) Root cause, unconscious mind, childhood Humanistic Carl Roger Client centered, unconditional positive regards Behavioural Therapy Classical vs operant conditioning and Observational (Modeling) bandura Cognitive Behavioural (CBT, ACT, mindfulness)
65
Format
Individual group family couple
66
Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic
Freud Evolve into depth therapy
67
Humanistic Therapy
Emphasize clients free will, selft acceptance, less on others approval. Client centered empathy with the client not patient. A mirror
68
Behavioural T.
Focus on changing the behaviours vs thoughts or emotions. Real good for Phobias (pyrmimde scale of discomfort): exposure, systematic desensitization, aversive conditioning. Very practical
69
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Thoughts first/ Change negative emotions and thought by using behavioural techniques and adopting adaptive thought pattern (helpful) Mindfulness is in there thought kinda separate Ellis, Beck,
70
Procrastination
Failure to accept limitations, perfectionist/leads to impossible standard, catastrophizing rather than being rational
71
Evaluating Psychotherapy
EVIDENCE BASE Success = quality of the relationship with therapist 1. Therapeutic alliance (confidence and mutual understanding) 2. Client must be motivated for change 3. There is explanations and solution for issues 4.Provides hope, new perspective and an empathetic trsuting/caring for relationship
72
Effectiveness of psychotherapy
People doing therapy improve quicker than not going with less severity of relapse
73
Relative effectiveness of the type of therapy
Behavoural: Good for behaviour changes (compulsion, phobia, communication etc) Psychodynamic: Depression and anxiety, understand the root cause Cognitive + cognitive behavioural: Anxiety, PTSD, depression Eclectic/integrative approach (multiple approach at the same time) Individualised therapy isnt a thing yet but it is going towards that direction Cultrually sensitive therapy + use of technology like apps and online therapy
74
What contributes to health and happiness
STRONG: Community, relationship (quality) Job satisfaction and appreciation, personality traits; extraversion, conscientiousness, agreableness, optimistic MODERATE Good health (we are adaptable) Social activity, Social network, religion and spirituality (meaning, purpose) What is missing? Money (yup because more time) attractiveness, age and parenthood not great indicators) It is subjective, relative (to what you compare yourself to) and adaptable. You adapt to your circumstances and might not affect your happiness level directly

Psych 203 (11 decks)

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