Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 203 > Foundations Chap 1-4 > Flashcards

Foundations Chap 1-4 Flashcards

Exam 1

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is Psychology

A

Science of how we think, feel & act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What influences human nature (diagram)

A

Environment (Physical & Social)
Biological (Systems ei. nervous system)
Psychological (feelings, actions and thoughts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Explain the process in which human nature is influenced by its environment and biology

A

The Person and its history (P) lives in an Environment (S) full of stimuli which makes the person React (R) to it which then has Concequences (C) - (when you do or say things it has consequences)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What triggers the process PERC - Origins of Human nature

A

Needs to survive (find food, shelter etc), the need to know (Is that good for me?) and the need to join others (We are social creatures, strength in numbers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Regarding our social needs, explain what variables exist in the pyramid and how some needs can be met differently or can be neglected

A

If a need isn’t met, it can change how we act. Some people will neglect the need to bond and form groups by volunteering and helping others. Some other people ignore categories and get their needs met by impressing others. (Influencers?)
Also: Need to help
Need to impress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the social needs, from bottom (fundamental) to top

A

Need for attention: look at me! I exist
Need for acceptance: Conform, norms, presenting self
Need for affiliation: Be with other peeps, Hello!
Need to form a group (belong): Friends, family, team
Need to Bound (bind): Partner, love, dating

Also: Need to help
Need to impress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define Social Psychology

A

Scientific study on how people think, act and feel in a social environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who were the first to reflect on psychological questions

A

Philosopher such as Aristotle: he thought; humans are social! Thought they weren’t any science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

After philosophers, what came after in the history of social psychology

A

Researchers such as Tripplets noticed cyclists riding faster when riding with other humans. He tested the theory with the fishing wheel experiment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What triggered the beginning of the field

A

The first textbook

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who was the first social psychologist and what did he do

A

Floyd Allport, first to conduct experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who is the father of Social Psychology

A

Kurt Lewin, wants to make it a science - advocate for Applied research (B=f(P+E))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Described the “mouvement of Social Psychology) Timeline

A
  1. Philosophers (Aristotle)
  2. Researchers (Tripplets)
  3. First textbook
  4. Floyd (1st social psychologist)
  5. Kurt Lewin (Father; science, famous equation)
  6. Wars (migration, war phenomena)
  7. 60s-70s : Feminist movement, started to question authority, racism, education!)
  8. 90s-80s: Scientific method, new perspective
    Today: Cognitive science
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 areas of Social Psychology

A

Social Thinking, Social Influence, Social Relations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ways of knowing: describe the 7 ways

A
  1. Common Sense (The earth is flat, not always true)
  2. Collective opinion: If everyone says its true then it must be
  3. Authority: If the Pope, prime Minister, or teacher says its true, then it must be
  4. Persuasive: Used of tone, words
  5. Personal preference: Confirmation bias,
  6. Personal Experience: What is true for me has to be true for you
  7. Science based: The best even though it isn’t perfect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Definition and goal of science

A

To arrive to the truth: Study of natural phenomena using systematic observations and logic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Scientific method; DESCRIBE

A

Research questions (triggered by the observation)
Literature research
Hypothesis
Design of the study (where, method, who)
Approval (review board, operational definition, ethics)
Run the study
Analyse Data
Public! Write a report, people critics and review)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is it when multiple people are redoing your experiment

A

Replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a theory

A

Organised set of principles used to explain observed phenomena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two types of research

A

Basic (For knowledge, curiosity), Applied (Solve problems etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Research Methods: Descriptive, what is it

A

looking, observed and writing what you see.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is cross cultural research

A

Designed to compare and contrast culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is interactionist perspective

A

Enphasis on how both an individuals personality and environmental characteristic influence behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Open Science, what is it

A

Make science more open and accessible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are confederate

A

Actors in research - act as a participant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Construct Validity

A

What ever is measured in the study is being measure and whatever variables are supposed to be manipulated is manipulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

The strenght and direction of the relationships between the two variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Correlational research

A

Research designed to study the relationships between variables - not manipulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is deception in the context of research

A

Method that provides false information to participants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Experimental research

A

Research that can demonstrate causal relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Experimental Realism

A

the degree which participants acts naturally and spontanuously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Experimenter Expectancy effects

A

The effect produced when an experimenters expectation about the result affect the behaviour of the participant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

external validity

A

The degree of confidence that the results can be reproduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Internal validity

A

The degree which the independant variables caused the effect on the dependant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Interrater reliability

A

The degree which different people will agree on their observation (judge at an ice skating comp)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Mundane realism

A

The degree to which the experimental situation resembles real-world places

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Operational definition

A

Specifics that help measure a conceptual variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Pre registration

A

Reporting researh design, prediction before conducting the research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Subject variable

A

Recognising the differences in participant that could influence the result (male, female, culture differences)

39
Q

What is big data

A

++ now with the internet, social media, apps and other company like google. Problem: doesn’t go through ethics

40
Q

What is multiple correlation

A

In stock training. Assessing all variables

41
Q

Multicausality

A

Multiple things can affect the phenomenon

42
Q

What is AB testing

A

It is when two versions of a product is shown or tested and you see which one performs better

43
Q

Affective Forecasting

A

The process of predicting how ones feel in the future

44
Q

Bask in reflected glory

A

When someone is successful, we look for similarities

45
Q

What is dialecticism

A

An eastern system of thought that accept the existence of contrary characteristics within one person

46
Q

Downward social comparison

A

Compare yourself with people worse than us

47
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that a change in facial expression can lead to a change in emotion

48
Q

Implicit egotism

A

a nonconscious form of self-enhancement

49
Q

Overjustification effect

A

The tendency for intrinsic motivation to lower when extrinsic motivation goes up such as reward through association

50
Q

Private self-consciousness

A

Characteristic of individuals who are introspective often attending to their own thoughts

51
Q

Public self-consciousness

A

Characteristic of individuals who focus on themselves as social objects

52
Q

Self-awareness theory

A

that focusing on yourself too much might put you at risk (evaluate your current state too much)

53
Q

Self-Concept

A

Individuals beliefs about his or her own personal attributes

54
Q

Self-Esteem

A

Component of the self, person positive and negative perception of themselves

55
Q

Self- Handicapping

A

Provide excuses for potential future failure

56
Q

Self-monitoring

A

The tendency to change behaviour in response to the way one present itself in a social situation

57
Q

Self-perception theory

A

The theory is that when it is difficult to understand internal cues, people analyse their own behaviour

58
Q

Self-presentation

A

Strategies people use to shape what others think of them

59
Q

Self- Schema

A

Like a folder - Experience, knowledge an belief.

60
Q

Social comparison theory

A

The theory that we are comparing our own ability with others. Situate ourselves

61
Q

Sociometer theory

A

We use self-esteem as a gauge that signals how well we are doing with others

62
Q

Two-factor theory of emotion

A

The theory that the way we experience emotion is based on two factors: Our physical arousal and how we interpret this arousal

63
Q

Self- Efficay

A

How we interpret our self capability - how we “perform in life” - our abilities. Bandura was the “father”

64
Q

Explain Locus of control

A

Believing that when things happen to us it is our fault (Self-agency) Internal or it is the fault of others or other events (faith, god, destiny?) External

65
Q

Collective self-efficacy

A

Relevant in applied research - when studying dynamic of a group - remember the study done by researcher on soap tv shows, remake scripts (modeling)

66
Q

Self-Esteem motive

A

Less crimes, happier people, better society

67
Q

Self-Esteem program

A

Trying to raise self-esteem at school with prasing and no consequences - DO NOT WORK. what works is building competency (Self-Efficacy)

68
Q

Looking Glass-self

A

the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them

69
Q

Self-discrepancy theory

A

Inconsistency between who we are now (real self) and who we aspire to be (ideal self)

70
Q
A
70
Q

Self-serving bias

A

Perceive things that favour ourselves

71
Q

Better than average

A

We actually thing that we are better than we are - think we are unique

72
Q

actor-observer effect

A

tendency to attribute our own behaviour to situational causes and the behaviour of others to
personal factors.

73
Q

attribution theory

A

A group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behaviour. (p. 110)

74
Q

Availability heuristic

A

The tendency to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily it come to mind (Shark attack, plane accident)

75
Q

base-rate fallacy

A

The fallacy that people will ignore facts/be insensitive to stats we prefer stories

76
Q

belief in a just world

A

We believe in karma! can lead people to disparage victims (Its her fault!)

77
Q

belief perseverance

A

Tendency to maintain belief even after they have been discredited

78
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

tendency to seek and interpret information that verifies existing beliefs

79
Q

Counterfactual
thinking

A

Tendency to imagine alternative events or oucomes that might have occurred but did not
What if thinking

80
Q

covariation principle

A

A principle of attribution theory holding that people attribute behaviour to factors that are present when a
behaviour occurs and absent when it does not

81
Q

False-consensus effect

A

The tendency for people to over-estimate the extent to which others share their opinions, attributes, and
behaviours.

82
Q

Fundamental
attribution error

A

The tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on
other people’s behaviour. This error is sometimes called correspondence bias.

83
Q

nonverbal behaviour

A

Behaviour that reveals a person’s feelings without words—through facial expressions, body language,
and vocal cues. (p

84
Q

personal attribution

A

Attribution to internal characteristics of an actor, such as ability, personality, mood, or effort.

85
Q

Primary Effect

A

Information presented earlier has a greater impact on our impressions

86
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

The process by which one’s expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways
that confirm those expectations

87
Q

situational attribution

A

Attribution to factors external to an actor, such as the task, other people, or luck. (p. 110)

88
Q

social perception

A

A general term for the processes by which people come to understand one another. (p. 98)

89
Q

Heuristics

A

Mental Short Cuts (Availability, False Consensus, Base rate fallacy)

90
Q

Motivational Biases

A

Self-esteem - We have own need for self-esteem, we wanna feel good about ourselves!
Blame: We will prefer to blame others if something bad happens to them. it protects us
Defensive attributions: We need to feel that if something bad happens to someone normal, it makes us at risk too so this “normal” person isn’t normal anymore and we find reasons so it can lead to the Blame the victim

91
Q

Social Perception

A

A general term for the processes by which people come to understand one another

92
Q

Trait biases:

A

Primary effect: First impression, first info we get as more significant impact
Trait negativity bias: Negative trait: more weight!
Implicit personality theory: Which traits go together (glasses, computer, library)
Stereotypes: Certain quality in group of people (gender, race)

93
Q
A

Psych 203 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions