Foundations Chap 1-4

Question 1

What is Psychology

Answer 1

Science of how we think, feel & act

Question 2

What influences human nature (diagram)

Answer 2

Environment (Physical & Social)
Biological (Systems ei. nervous system)
Psychological (feelings, actions and thoughts)

Question 3

Explain the process in which human nature is influenced by its environment and biology

Answer 3

The Person and its history (P) lives in an Environment (S) full of stimuli which makes the person React (R) to it which then has Concequences (C) - (when you do or say things it has consequences)

Question 4

What triggers the process PERC - Origins of Human nature

Answer 4

Needs to survive (find food, shelter etc), the need to know (Is that good for me?) and the need to join others (We are social creatures, strength in numbers)

Question 5

Regarding our social needs, explain what variables exist in the pyramid and how some needs can be met differently or can be neglected

Answer 5

If a need isn’t met, it can change how we act. Some people will neglect the need to bond and form groups by volunteering and helping others. Some other people ignore categories and get their needs met by impressing others. (Influencers?)
Also: Need to help
Need to impress

Question 6

What are the social needs, from bottom (fundamental) to top

Answer 6

Need for attention: look at me! I exist
Need for acceptance: Conform, norms, presenting self
Need for affiliation: Be with other peeps, Hello!
Need to form a group (belong): Friends, family, team
Need to Bound (bind): Partner, love, dating

Also: Need to help
Need to impress

Question 7

Define Social Psychology

Answer 7

Scientific study on how people think, act and feel in a social environment

Question 8

Who were the first to reflect on psychological questions

Answer 8

Philosopher such as Aristotle: he thought; humans are social! Thought they weren’t any science

Question 9

After philosophers, what came after in the history of social psychology

Answer 9

Researchers such as Tripplets noticed cyclists riding faster when riding with other humans. He tested the theory with the fishing wheel experiment.

Question 10

What triggered the beginning of the field

Answer 10

The first textbook

Question 11

Who was the first social psychologist and what did he do

Answer 11

Floyd Allport, first to conduct experiment

Question 12

Who is the father of Social Psychology

Answer 12

Kurt Lewin, wants to make it a science - advocate for Applied research (B=f(P+E))

Question 13

Described the “mouvement of Social Psychology) Timeline

Answer 13

1. Philosophers (Aristotle)
2. Researchers (Tripplets)
3. First textbook
4. Floyd (1st social psychologist)
5. Kurt Lewin (Father; science, famous equation)
6. Wars (migration, war phenomena)
7. 60s-70s : Feminist movement, started to question authority, racism, education!)
8. 90s-80s: Scientific method, new perspective
   Today: Cognitive science

Question 14

What are the 3 areas of Social Psychology

Answer 14

Social Thinking, Social Influence, Social Relations

Question 15

Ways of knowing: describe the 7 ways

Answer 15

1. Common Sense (The earth is flat, not always true)
2. Collective opinion: If everyone says its true then it must be
3. Authority: If the Pope, prime Minister, or teacher says its true, then it must be
4. Persuasive: Used of tone, words
5. Personal preference: Confirmation bias,
6. Personal Experience: What is true for me has to be true for you
7. Science based: The best even though it isn’t perfect

Question 16

Definition and goal of science

Answer 16

To arrive to the truth: Study of natural phenomena using systematic observations and logic

Question 16

Scientific method; DESCRIBE

Answer 16

Research questions (triggered by the observation)
Literature research
Hypothesis
Design of the study (where, method, who)
Approval (review board, operational definition, ethics)
Run the study
Analyse Data
Public! Write a report, people critics and review)

Question 17

What is it when multiple people are redoing your experiment

Answer 17

Replication

Question 18

What is a theory

Answer 18

Organised set of principles used to explain observed phenomena

Question 19

What are the two types of research

Answer 19

Basic (For knowledge, curiosity), Applied (Solve problems etc.)

Question 20

Research Methods: Descriptive, what is it

Answer 20

looking, observed and writing what you see.

Question 21

What is cross cultural research

Answer 21

Designed to compare and contrast culture

Question 22

What is interactionist perspective

Answer 22

Enphasis on how both an individuals personality and environmental characteristic influence behaviour

Question 23

Open Science, what is it

Answer 23

Make science more open and accessible

Question 24

What are confederate

Answer 24

Actors in research - act as a participant

Question 25

Construct Validity

Answer 25

What ever is measured in the study is being measure and whatever variables are supposed to be manipulated is manipulated

Question 26

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 26

The strenght and direction of the relationships between the two variables

Question 27

Correlational research

Answer 27

Research designed to study the relationships between variables - not manipulated

Question 28

What is deception in the context of research

Answer 28

Method that provides false information to participants

Question 29

Experimental research

Answer 29

Research that can demonstrate causal relationships

Question 30

Experimental Realism

Answer 30

the degree which participants acts naturally and spontanuously

Question 31

Experimenter Expectancy effects

Answer 31

The effect produced when an experimenters expectation about the result affect the behaviour of the participant

Question 32

external validity

Answer 32

The degree of confidence that the results can be reproduced

Question 33

Internal validity

Answer 33

The degree which the independant variables caused the effect on the dependant

Question 34

Interrater reliability

Answer 34

The degree which different people will agree on their observation (judge at an ice skating comp)

Question 35

Mundane realism

Answer 35

The degree to which the experimental situation resembles real-world places

Question 36

Operational definition

Answer 36

Specifics that help measure a conceptual variable

Question 37

Pre registration

Answer 37

Reporting researh design, prediction before conducting the research

Question 38

Subject variable

Answer 38

Recognising the differences in participant that could influence the result (male, female, culture differences)

Question 39

What is big data

Answer 39

++ now with the internet, social media, apps and other company like google. Problem: doesn't go through ethics

Question 40

What is multiple correlation

Answer 40

In stock training. Assessing all variables

Question 41

Multicausality

Answer 41

Multiple things can affect the phenomenon

Question 42

What is AB testing

Answer 42

It is when two versions of a product is shown or tested and you see which one performs better

Question 43

Affective Forecasting

Answer 43

The process of predicting how ones feel in the future

Question 44

Bask in reflected glory

Answer 44

When someone is successful, we look for similarities

Question 45

What is dialecticism

Answer 45

An eastern system of thought that accept the existence of contrary characteristics within one person

Question 46

Downward social comparison

Answer 46

Compare yourself with people worse than us

Question 47

Facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 47

The hypothesis that a change in facial expression can lead to a change in emotion

Question 48

Implicit egotism

Answer 48

a nonconscious form of self-enhancement

Question 49

Overjustification effect

Answer 49

The tendency for intrinsic motivation to lower when extrinsic motivation goes up such as reward through association

Question 50

Private self-consciousness

Answer 50

Characteristic of individuals who are introspective often attending to their own thoughts

Question 51

Public self-consciousness

Answer 51

Characteristic of individuals who focus on themselves as social objects

Question 52

Self-awareness theory

Answer 52

that focusing on yourself too much might put you at risk (evaluate your current state too much)

Question 53

Self-Concept

Answer 53

Individuals beliefs about his or her own personal attributes

Question 54

Self-Esteem

Answer 54

Component of the self, person positive and negative perception of themselves

Question 55

Self- Handicapping

Answer 55

Provide excuses for potential future failure

Question 56

Self-monitoring

Answer 56

The tendency to change behaviour in response to the way one present itself in a social situation

Question 57

Self-perception theory

Answer 57

The theory is that when it is difficult to understand internal cues, people analyse their own behaviour

Question 58

Self-presentation

Answer 58

Strategies people use to shape what others think of them

Question 59

Self- Schema

Answer 59

Like a folder - Experience, knowledge an belief.

Question 60

Social comparison theory

Answer 60

The theory that we are comparing our own ability with others. Situate ourselves

Question 61

Sociometer theory

Answer 61

We use self-esteem as a gauge that signals how well we are doing with others

Question 62

Two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 62

The theory that the way we experience emotion is based on two factors: Our physical arousal and how we interpret this arousal

Question 63

Self- Efficay

Answer 63

How we interpret our self capability - how we "perform in life" - our abilities. Bandura was the "father"

Question 64

Explain Locus of control

Answer 64

Believing that when things happen to us it is our fault (Self-agency) Internal or it is the fault of others or other events (faith, god, destiny?) External

Question 65

Collective self-efficacy

Answer 65

Relevant in applied research - when studying dynamic of a group - remember the study done by researcher on soap tv shows, remake scripts (modeling)

Question 66

Self-Esteem motive

Answer 66

Less crimes, happier people, better society

Question 67

Self-Esteem program

Answer 67

Trying to raise self-esteem at school with prasing and no consequences - DO NOT WORK. what works is building competency (Self-Efficacy)

Question 68

Looking Glass-self

Answer 68

the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them

Question 69

Self-discrepancy theory

Answer 69

Inconsistency between who we are now (real self) and who we aspire to be (ideal self)

Question 70

Self-serving bias

Answer 70

Perceive things that favour ourselves

Question 71

Better than average

Answer 71

We actually thing that we are better than we are - think we are unique

Question 72

actor-observer effect

Answer 72

tendency to attribute our own behaviour to situational causes and the behaviour of others to personal factors.

Question 73

attribution theory

Answer 73

A group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behaviour. (p. 110)

Question 74

Availability heuristic

Answer 74

The tendency to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily it come to mind (Shark attack, plane accident)

Question 75

base-rate fallacy

Answer 75

The fallacy that people will ignore facts/be insensitive to stats we prefer stories

Question 76

belief in a just world

Answer 76

We believe in karma! can lead people to disparage victims (Its her fault!)

Question 77

belief perseverance

Answer 77

Tendency to maintain belief even after they have been discredited

Question 78

Confirmation Bias

Answer 78

tendency to seek and interpret information that verifies existing beliefs

Question 79

Counterfactual thinking

Answer 79

Tendency to imagine alternative events or oucomes that might have occurred but did not What if thinking

Question 80

covariation principle

Answer 80

A principle of attribution theory holding that people attribute behaviour to factors that are present when a behaviour occurs and absent when it does not

Question 81

False-consensus effect

Answer 81

The tendency for people to over-estimate the extent to which others share their opinions, attributes, and behaviours.

Question 82

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 82

The tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other people’s behaviour. This error is sometimes called correspondence bias.

Question 83

nonverbal behaviour

Answer 83

Behaviour that reveals a person’s feelings without words—through facial expressions, body language, and vocal cues. (p

Question 84

personal attribution

Answer 84

Attribution to internal characteristics of an actor, such as ability, personality, mood, or effort.

Question 85

Primary Effect

Answer 85

Information presented earlier has a greater impact on our impressions

Question 86

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 86

The process by which one’s expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations

Question 87

situational attribution

Answer 87

Attribution to factors external to an actor, such as the task, other people, or luck. (p. 110)

Question 88

social perception

Answer 88

A general term for the processes by which people come to understand one another. (p. 98)

Question 89

Heuristics

Answer 89

Mental Short Cuts (Availability, False Consensus, Base rate fallacy)

Question 90

Motivational Biases

Answer 90

Self-esteem - We have own need for self-esteem, we wanna feel good about ourselves! Blame: We will prefer to blame others if something bad happens to them. it protects us Defensive attributions: We need to feel that if something bad happens to someone normal, it makes us at risk too so this "normal" person isn't normal anymore and we find reasons so it can lead to the Blame the victim

Question 91

Social Perception

Answer 91

A general term for the processes by which people come to understand one another

Question 92

Trait biases:

Answer 92

Primary effect: First impression, first info we get as more significant impact Trait negativity bias: Negative trait: more weight! Implicit personality theory: Which traits go together (glasses, computer, library) Stereotypes: Certain quality in group of people (gender, race)