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PSYC*3270 > PSYC*3270 Week 5 > Flashcards

PSYC*3270 Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Is bottom-up or top-down processing based on incoming stimuli from the environment?

A

Bottom-up

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2
Q

What is data-based processing also known as?

A

Bottom-up processing

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3
Q

Is bottom-up or top-down processing based on the perceiver’s knowledge?

A

Top-down

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4
Q

What is knowledge-based processing also known as?

A

Top-down processing

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5
Q

What are the nine steps of perception?

A
  • Environmental stimulus
  • Attended stimulus
  • Stimulus on receptors
  • Transduction
  • Transmission
  • Processing
  • Perception
  • Recognition
  • Action
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6
Q

How can the nine steps of perception be divided?

A

Intro three categories of three:
- Stimulus
- Electricity
- Experience and action

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7
Q

What are four common features involved in processing across senses?

A

All senses have:
- Specialized receptor cells
- Primary, secondary, and tertiary sensory neurons
- Primary and secondary sensory areas
- Association areas

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8
Q

What is the simplest type of sensory receptor?

A

A neuron with naked/free nerve endings

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9
Q

Are nociceptors considered to be simple or complex sensory receptors?

A

Simple

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10
Q

Are neural receptors with nerve endings encased in connective tissue capsules considered to be simple or complex?

A

Complex

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11
Q

T or F: Most special senses receptors are cells that release NTs onto sensory neurons, initiating an action potential.

A

True

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12
Q

What is the primary difference between neural and non-neural receptors?

A
  • Neural: Can generate action potentials
  • Non-neural: Cannot generate action potentials
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13
Q

T or F: Non-neural receptors can generate graded potentials.

A

True

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14
Q

Which type of receptor respond to chemical ligands?

A

Chemoreceptors

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15
Q

Which type of receptor respond to mechanical energy?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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16
Q

Which type of receptor respond to temperature?

A

Thermoreceptors

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17
Q

Which type of receptor respond to light?

A

Photoreceptors

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18
Q

What are the four main properties of sensory receptors?

A
  • Threshold
  • Range
  • Adaptation
  • Acuity
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19
Q

In terms of the properties of sensory receptors, what does “threshold” refer to?

A

Receptors don’t activate until a certain threshold of stimulation is reached

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20
Q

In terms of the properties of sensory receptors, what does “range” refer to?

A

Each sensory modality has a limited range of stimuli it can respond to

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21
Q

In terms of the properties of sensory receptors, what does “adaptation” refer to?

A

The adjustment of the receptor’s sensitivity based on the current environment

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22
Q

In terms of the properties of sensory receptors, what does “acuity” refer to?

A

The ability to distinguish between stimuli within a certain sensory modality

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23
Q

What are three factors that can influence the fate of a certain sensory stimulus?

A
  • Attention
  • Memory
  • Emotion
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24
Q

Do ascending or descending pathways travel from the spinal cord, to subcortical regions, to cortical regions?

A

Ascending

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25
Q

Do ascending or descending pathways travel from the cortex, to subcortical regions, to the spinal cord?

A

Descending

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26
Q

What is the result of simultaneous activation of ascending and descending pathways?

A

Multisensory integration

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27
Q

Where does the majority of multisensory integration occur?

A

The thalamus and cortex

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28
Q

What are the five sensory systems?

A
  • Olfaction
  • Gustation
  • Somatosensation
  • Audition
  • Vision
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29
Q

What is anosmia?

A

The loss of ability to smell

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30
Q

What is the oldest and most conserved sense across species and evolution?

A

Olfaction

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31
Q

The transduction of energy from what type of molecule leads to the activation of olfactory receptors?

A

Odourants

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32
Q

What is the neural pathway for olfaction (six steps)?

A
  • Primary bipolar neurons
  • Glomeruli
  • Secondary neurons
  • Primary olfactory cortex
  • Secondary olfactory cortex
  • Connections to other areas
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33
Q

What are glomeruli?

A

Collection of synapses between primary and secondary neurons

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34
Q

What is the primary olfactory cortex also known as?

A

The pirifrom cortex

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35
Q

What role does the piriform cortex play in olfaction?

A

Helps detect odours

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36
Q

In which lobe is the secondary olfactory cortex?

A

The orbitofrontal lobe

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37
Q

What role does the secondary olfactory cortex play in olfaction?

A

Helps identify odours

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38
Q

What are two ways in which the olfactory pathway is unique?

A
  • Most of the olfactory nerve axons project to the ipsilateral (rather than contralateral) cortex
  • The olfactory nerve arrives at the primary olfactory cortex without passing through the thalamus
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39
Q

T or F: Much of what we perceive as taste is actually smell?

A

True

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40
Q

What are four functions of the papillae on the tongue?

A
  • Gustation
  • Sensation
  • Proprioception
  • Enzyme secretion
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41
Q

T or F: Papillae on the tongue can detect both nociception and temperature.

A

True

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42
Q

What are the five basic tastants?

A
  • Salty (Na+)
  • Sour (acidic/ H+)
  • Sweet (nutrient/caloric value/ ex. glucose)
  • Bitter (ex. nicotine)
  • Umami (savoury/ ex. glutamate)
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43
Q

The transduction of energy from what type of molecule leads to the activation of gustatory receptors?

A

Tastant

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44
Q

Which two tastants act upon ionotropic receptors?

A

Salty and sour (remember because Na+ and H+ are ions)

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45
Q

Which three tastants act upon metabotropic receptors?

A
  • Sweet
  • Bitter
  • Umami
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46
Q

Are taste receptor cells neural or non-neural?

A

Non neural

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47
Q

T or F: Tase receptor cells are specialized receptor cells.

A

True

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48
Q

How do taste ionotropic receptor cells transduce information to the primary gustatory neurons?

A

By releasing serotonin into the synaptic cleft

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49
Q

How do metabotropic receptor cells transduce information to the primary gustatory neurons?

A

By releasing ATP into the synaptic cleft

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50
Q

What is the neural pathway for gustation? (seven steps)

A
  • Taste receptor cells
  • Primary bipolar neurons
  • Chroda tympani nerve
  • Ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus
  • Primary gustatory cortex
  • Secondary gustatory cortex
  • Connection to other areas
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51
Q

Where is the primary gustatory cortex located?

A

In the insula and operculum

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52
Q

In which lobe is the secondary gustatory cortex?

A

The orbitofrontal lobe

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53
Q

In which brain region does the integration of tase and smell occur?

A

The orbitofrontal lobe (secondary olfactory and gustatory cortex)

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54
Q

What are the four main somatosensory modalities?

A
  • Proprioception
  • Temperature
  • Nociception
  • Touch
55
Q

Pressure, vibration, stretch, texture, and fluttering/stroking, are registered by which type of receptor?

A

Mechanoreceptor

56
Q

T or F: Somatosensory receptors are primary bipolar neurons.

A

True

57
Q

What is the neural pathway for somatosensory? (six steps)

A
  • Primary bipolar neurons
  • Secondary sensory neurons
  • Tertiary sensory neurons
  • Primary somatosensory cortex
  • Secondary somatosensory cortex
  • Connections to other areas
58
Q

What are the two types of somatosensory pathways?

A
  • Medial lemniscus
  • Spinothalamic
59
Q

Fine touch, proprioception, and vibration are processed through which somatosensory pathway?

A

The medial lemniscus pathway

60
Q

Where do secondary sensory neurons in the medial lemniscus pathway cross the midline of the body?

A

The medulla

61
Q

Irritants, temperature, and coarse touch are processed through which somatosensory pathway?

A

The spinothalamic pathway

62
Q

Where do secondary sensory neurons in the spinothalamic pathway cross the midline of the body?

A

The spinal cord

63
Q

Where are tertiary sensory neurons located?

A

The thalamus

64
Q

In which lobe are the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices located?

A

The parietal lobe

65
Q

T or F: Somatosensory pathways are not dissociable, meaning it is not possible to have impairments in one but not the other.

A

False. They are dissociable.

66
Q

What are the two ways in which sound waves are distinguished?

A
  • Frequency
  • Amplitude
67
Q

What does the number of sound wave peaks per second measure?

A

Frequency

68
Q

Is sound frequency measured in Hertz or decibels?

A

Hertz

69
Q

Is the frequency of sound an interpretation of pitch or intensity?

A

Pitch

70
Q

What does the amplitude/height of sound wave peaks measure?

A

Loudness

71
Q

Is sound loudness measured in Hertz or decibels?

A

Decibels

72
Q

Is the loudness of sound an interpretation of pitch or intensity?

A

Intensity

73
Q

What are the two computational goals of audition?

A
  • Determine what is being heard
  • Determine where a sound is coming from
74
Q

What is the interaural time?

A

The difference in time between when a sound reaches each of the two ears

75
Q

What does intraural time provide information about?

A

The location of a sound

76
Q

What are the three main divisions of the ear?

A
  • External ear
  • Middle ear
  • Inner ear
77
Q

What is the role of the pinna in the external ear?

A

Direct sound waves into the ear

78
Q

Is the external ear fluid or air filled?

A

Air

79
Q

Which structure divides the external and middle ear?

A

The tympanic membrane (ear drum)

80
Q

What are the three tiny bones in the middle ear?

A
  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes
81
Q

Is the middle ear air or fluid filled?

A

Air

82
Q

What are the two structures that separate the middle and inner ear?

A
  • Oval window
  • Round window
83
Q

What type of information is processed by the semicircular canals of the inner ear?

A

Where the head is in space

84
Q

What role does the eustachian tube play in audition?

A

Allows the pressure from the ear to equilibrate

85
Q

How many energy transductions are involved in sound transmission through the ear?

A

Five

86
Q

What are the five energy transductions that occur during sound transmission?

A
  • Sound waves → vibrations (occurs at tympanic membrane)
  • Vibrations of external ear → stronger vibrations in middle ear
  • Vibrations → fluid waves (occurs at oval window)
  • Fluid waves → movement of hair cells which opens ion channels
  • Movement of hair cells → action potential
87
Q

The cochlear nerve transmits action potentials from the primary auditory neurons to the cochlear neurons in which brain structure on their way to the auditory cortex?

A

The medulla

88
Q

How do non-neural hair cells generate action potentials in the primary sensory neurons?

A

By bending back and forth, causing ion channels to open and close

89
Q

What is the neural pathway of audition? (seven steps)

A
  • Hair receptor cells
  • Primary neurons
  • Secondary neurons
  • Tertiary neurons
  • Quaternary neurons
  • Primary auditory cortex
  • Connections to other areas
90
Q

Where are the primary neurons involved in audition located?

A

The auditory nerve

91
Q

Where are the secondary neurons involved in audition located?

A

The superior olivary nucleus

92
Q

Where are the tertiary neurons involved in audition located?

A

The inferior colliculus

93
Q

Where are the quaternary neurons involved in audition located?

A

The medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

94
Q

In which lobe is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

The superior temporal lobe

95
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors?

A
  • Rods
  • Cones
96
Q

What type of photopigment is found within rods?

A

Rodopsin

97
Q

Are there more rods or cones in the visual system?

A

Rods

98
Q

Are rods activated by intense or low levels of light?

A

Low levels

99
Q

Do rods or cones allow for night vision?

A

Rods

100
Q

What term is used to describe the rapid depletion of rods in bright light?

A

Photobleaching

101
Q

Are rods more densely packed in the fovea or spread throughout the periphery?

A

Spread throughout the periphery

102
Q

What type of photopigment is found within cones?

A

Photopsin

103
Q

Are cones activated by intense or low levels of light?

A

Intense

104
Q

Do rods or cones allow for colour vision?

A

Cones

105
Q

Are cones more densely packed in the fovea or spread throughout the periphery?

A

Densely packed in the fovea

106
Q

Where is human’s visual acuity the best?

A

The centre of the visual field (the fovea)

107
Q

The ability of the lens to bend light to focus it on the retina is known as what?

A

Accommodation

108
Q

Do relaxed ciliary muscles cause ligaments to stretch or loosen?

A

Stretch

109
Q

How do the ciliary muscles alter the lens to allow the eye to see objects that are far away?

A

Flattens the lens to let more light in

110
Q

Do contracted ciliary muscles cause ligaments to stretch or loosen

A

Loosen

111
Q

How do the ciliary muscles alter the lens to allow the eye to see objects that are close up?

A

Rounds the lens to focus light

112
Q

What region of the eye does not contain any rods or cones and is often referred to as the blind spot?

A

The optic disk

113
Q

What role does the pigment epithelium play in vision?

A

Absorbs extra light and prevents that light from reflecting back and distorting vision

114
Q

In the absence of light, is NT release onto bipolar neurons tonic or phasic?

A

Tonic

115
Q

T or F: In the presence of light, NT release increases in proportion to the amount of light.

A

False. Decreases in proportion to the amount of light.

116
Q

T or F: Multiple photoreceptors converge on one ganglion cell.

A

True

117
Q

T or F: Bipolar cells are activated by light, regardless of their type.

A

False. Bipolar cells are either activated or inhibited by light, depending on their type.

118
Q

When do ganglion cells respond the strongest?

A

When there is good contrast of light intensity between the centre1 and the surround

119
Q

What is the neural pathway of vision?

A
  • Rods and cones
  • Bipolar cells (primary neurons)
  • Ganglion cells (secondary neurons)
  • Axons in the optic nerve
  • Thalamus and superior colliculus
  • Secondary visual areas and extrastriate visual areas
  • Connections to other areas
120
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

Where the ipsilateral optic nerve of each eye crosses over into the contralateral hemisphere

121
Q

T or F: Each eye has both ipsilateral and contralateral pathways.

A

True

122
Q

When do simple cortical cells respond maximally?

A

When input is in the orientation of their receptive field

123
Q

Are things that form patterns that are familiar/ meaningful more or less likely to become grouped together when being perceived?

A

More likely

124
Q

When perceiving faces, where does initial processing occur?

A

The occipital cortex

125
Q

When perceiving faces, what occurs in the fusiform gyrus?

A

Identification

126
Q

Which brain structure responds only to faces (or to stimuli that resemble faces)?

A

The fusiform face area

127
Q

When perceiving faces, what does the superior temporal sulcus respond to?

A

Where a person is looking and their mouth movements

128
Q

Which brain region is activated when evaluating facial attractiveness?

A

The frontal cortex

129
Q

A disruption in the infrotemporal pathway from the temporal lobe to the amygdala is thought to cause which disorder?

A

Capgras

130
Q

According to the McGurk effect, when listening to a recording of “fa”/”ba” but watching a video of someone mouthing the opposite, do people perceive the sound based on what they are hearing or what they are seeing?

A

What they are seeing

131
Q

The inferior prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, posterior parietal cortex, and posterior superior temporal sulcus all showed an increased BOLD response to what type of stimulation?

A

Multisensory stimulation

132
Q

Can perceptual processing change/reorganize overtime?

A

Yes

133
Q

T or F: Changes in perceptual processing always occur gradually.

A

False. Can be gradual or sudden.

PSYC*3270 (12 decks)

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