PSYC*3270 Week 4

Question 1

Which research technique uses light to control the activity of neurons, which are transfected with genes expressing light-sensitive ion channels?

Answer 1

Optogenetics

Question 2

T or F: Single cell recordings are extensively used in human participants during a variety of visual and auditory tasks.

Answer 2

False. Animals not humans.

Question 3

Which technique is occasionally used to treat epilepsy of the medial temporal lobe?

Answer 3

Single cell recordings

Question 4

T or F: Brain imaging allows rapid determination of causation between symptoms and the brain.

Answer 4

False. Correlation not causation.

Question 5

Which neuroimaging technique involves passing narrow X-ray beams through the brain at different angles and combining the images to create a 3D image of the brain?

Answer 5

Computerized Tomography

Question 6

Can CT scans discriminate between grey and white matter?

Answer 6

No

Question 7

Why do damaged areas show up dark on a CT scan?

Answer 7

Because they have fewer neurons and more fluid

Question 8

What is the main advantage of CT?

Answer 8

Provides a quick static snapshot of brain for relativley cheap

Question 9

How do PET scans work?

Answer 9

• A radioactive substance is injected into blood
• As the oxygen in the blood is used by active neurons, the radioactive substance decays and gives off photons
• Computers detect the origin of photons and use that information to construct an image of the brain

Question 10

What does subtraction in neuroimaging involve?

Answer 10

Finding the average of the differences between the images of the patient and control images

Question 11

What is the main advantage of PET?

Answer 11

Shows the biochemical status of the brain

Question 12

Which brain imaging technique uses a radio frequency signal to knock aligned atoms from their magnetic field and systematically measures the energy signals they give off when they realign to construct an image

Answer 12

MRI

Question 13

Do MRI images have high or low resolution?

Answer 13

High

Question 14

Which neuroimaging technique images fibre pathways by detecting directional movements of water molecules in ventricles?

Answer 14

Diffusion tensor imaging

Question 15

What is the property of anisotropy?

Answer 15

Movement in nerve fibres tends to follow the longitudinal axis

Question 16

Which neuroimaging technique can detect the degeneration of axons and distortion of and damage to fibres?

Answer 16

Diffusion tensor imaging

Question 17

T or F: DTI can be combined with MRI, fMRI, and ERP.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

T or F: Before neural activation, oxyhemoglibin is higher than deoxyhemoglobin.

Answer 18

False. Equal before activation. Oxyhemoglibin is higher than deoxyhemoglobin after activation.

Question 19

Different relation curves for protons in oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are used for which type of neuroimaging technique?

Answer 19

fMRI

Question 20

What is a multimodal atlas?

Answer 20

A combination of many brain images from different people merged together to create a single image

Question 21

What are three approached to studying brain development?

Answer 21

• Correlate NS development with development of behaviours
• Make inferences about brain development from behaviour
• Examine factors that influence both brain and behavioural development and make inferences

Question 22

Does brain development occur at a constant rate or in stages/waves?

Answer 22

Stages/waves

Question 23

What are the seven stages of development of the human brain?

Answer 23

• Neurogenesis
• Migration
• Differentiation
• Maturation
• Synaptogenesis
• Cell death/pruning
• Myelogenesis

Question 24

At age 6-7, where does the reduction in grey matter begin?

Answer 24

The dorsal parietal and sensorimotor regions

Question 25

Which mechanism of brain development depends on experience driven by a predetermined general time frame

Answer 25

Experience-expectant

Question 26

Which mechanism of brain development depends on the unique experiences of each individual?

Answer 26

Experience-dependent

Question 27

Do domesticated or wild animals show greater brain volumes?

Answer 27

Wild

Question 28

T or F: Prenatal experience can influence brain development.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

What is the Kennard Principle?

Answer 29

Functions are spared when injury occurs during infancy

Question 30

T or F: The Kennard Principle always holds.

Answer 30

False. There are many exceptions.

Question 31

It is possible for complete recovery of function if a brain injury occurs during which stage of neurodevelopment?

Answer 31

Neurogenesis

Question 32

Brain injuries are especially devastating during which two stages of neurodevelopment?

Answer 32

Migration and differentiation

Question 33

Is it possible for the brain to recover from injury after migration and differentiation?

Answer 33

Yes

Question 34

When neurons die, what is released that can cause damage to surrounding neurons (excitotoxicity)?

Answer 34

Glutamate

Question 35

What are the four main changes that occur in the brain during normal aging?

Answer 35

- Reduction of brain weight - Loss of grey matter - Decline in dendrite density - Slower synaptic speed

Question 36

T or F: Less cerebral cortex atrophy occurs in those with more education.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Which non-invasive procedure uses red or near-infrared light to stimulate, heal, regenerate, and protect tissue that has been injured, is degenerating, or is at risk of dying?

Answer 37

Photobiomodulation

Question 38

Do shorter wavelengths have more or less energy?

Answer 38

The shorter the wavelength, the more energy