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PSYC*3270 > PSYC*3270 Week 4 > Flashcards

PSYC*3270 Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Which research technique uses light to control the activity of neurons, which are transfected with genes expressing light-sensitive ion channels?

A

Optogenetics

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2
Q

T or F: Single cell recordings are extensively used in human participants during a variety of visual and auditory tasks.

A

False. Animals not humans.

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3
Q

Which technique is occasionally used to treat epilepsy of the medial temporal lobe?

A

Single cell recordings

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4
Q

T or F: Brain imaging allows rapid determination of causation between symptoms and the brain.

A

False. Correlation not causation.

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5
Q

Which neuroimaging technique involves passing narrow X-ray beams through the brain at different angles and combining the images to create a 3D image of the brain?

A

Computerized Tomography

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6
Q

Can CT scans discriminate between grey and white matter?

A

No

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7
Q

Why do damaged areas show up dark on a CT scan?

A

Because they have fewer neurons and more fluid

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8
Q

What is the main advantage of CT?

A

Provides a quick static snapshot of brain for relativley cheap

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9
Q

How do PET scans work?

A
  • A radioactive substance is injected into blood
  • As the oxygen in the blood is used by active neurons, the radioactive substance decays and gives off photons
  • Computers detect the origin of photons and use that information to construct an image of the brain
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10
Q

What does subtraction in neuroimaging involve?

A

Finding the average of the differences between the images of the patient and control images

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11
Q

What is the main advantage of PET?

A

Shows the biochemical status of the brain

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12
Q

Which brain imaging technique uses a radio frequency signal to knock aligned atoms from their magnetic field and systematically measures the energy signals they give off when they realign to construct an image

A

MRI

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13
Q

Do MRI images have high or low resolution?

A

High

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14
Q

Which neuroimaging technique images fibre pathways by detecting directional movements of water molecules in ventricles?

A

Diffusion tensor imaging

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15
Q

What is the property of anisotropy?

A

Movement in nerve fibres tends to follow the longitudinal axis

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16
Q

Which neuroimaging technique can detect the degeneration of axons and distortion of and damage to fibres?

A

Diffusion tensor imaging

17
Q

T or F: DTI can be combined with MRI, fMRI, and ERP.

A

True

18
Q

T or F: Before neural activation, oxyhemoglibin is higher than deoxyhemoglobin.

A

False. Equal before activation. Oxyhemoglibin is higher than deoxyhemoglobin after activation.

19
Q

Different relation curves for protons in oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are used for which type of neuroimaging technique?

A

fMRI

20
Q

What is a multimodal atlas?

A

A combination of many brain images from different people merged together to create a single image

21
Q

What are three approached to studying brain development?

A
  • Correlate NS development with development of behaviours
  • Make inferences about brain development from behaviour
  • Examine factors that influence both brain and behavioural development and make inferences
22
Q

Does brain development occur at a constant rate or in stages/waves?

A

Stages/waves

23
Q

What are the seven stages of development of the human brain?

A
  • Neurogenesis
  • Migration
  • Differentiation
  • Maturation
  • Synaptogenesis
  • Cell death/pruning
  • Myelogenesis
24
Q

At age 6-7, where does the reduction in grey matter begin?

A

The dorsal parietal and sensorimotor regions

25
Q

Which mechanism of brain development depends on experience driven by a predetermined general time frame

A

Experience-expectant

26
Q

Which mechanism of brain development depends on the unique experiences of each individual?

A

Experience-dependent

27
Q

Do domesticated or wild animals show greater brain volumes?

A

Wild

28
Q

T or F: Prenatal experience can influence brain development.

A

True

29
Q

What is the Kennard Principle?

A

Functions are spared when injury occurs during infancy

30
Q

T or F: The Kennard Principle always holds.

A

False. There are many exceptions.

31
Q

It is possible for complete recovery of function if a brain injury occurs during which stage of neurodevelopment?

A

Neurogenesis

32
Q

Brain injuries are especially devastating during which two stages of neurodevelopment?

A

Migration and differentiation

33
Q

Is it possible for the brain to recover from injury after migration and differentiation?

A

Yes

34
Q

When neurons die, what is released that can cause damage to surrounding neurons (excitotoxicity)?

A

Glutamate

35
Q

What are the four main changes that occur in the brain during normal aging?

A
  • Reduction of brain weight
  • Loss of grey matter
  • Decline in dendrite density
  • Slower synaptic speed
36
Q

T or F: Less cerebral cortex atrophy occurs in those with more education.

A

True

37
Q

Which non-invasive procedure uses red or near-infrared light to stimulate, heal, regenerate, and protect tissue that has been injured, is degenerating, or is at risk of dying?

A

Photobiomodulation

38
Q

Do shorter wavelengths have more or less energy?

A

The shorter the wavelength, the more energy

PSYC*3270 (12 decks)

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