PSYC*3270 Week 4 Flashcards
Which research technique uses light to control the activity of neurons, which are transfected with genes expressing light-sensitive ion channels?
Optogenetics
T or F: Single cell recordings are extensively used in human participants during a variety of visual and auditory tasks.
False. Animals not humans.
Which technique is occasionally used to treat epilepsy of the medial temporal lobe?
Single cell recordings
T or F: Brain imaging allows rapid determination of causation between symptoms and the brain.
False. Correlation not causation.
Which neuroimaging technique involves passing narrow X-ray beams through the brain at different angles and combining the images to create a 3D image of the brain?
Computerized Tomography
Can CT scans discriminate between grey and white matter?
No
Why do damaged areas show up dark on a CT scan?
Because they have fewer neurons and more fluid
What is the main advantage of CT?
Provides a quick static snapshot of brain for relativley cheap
How do PET scans work?
- A radioactive substance is injected into blood
- As the oxygen in the blood is used by active neurons, the radioactive substance decays and gives off photons
- Computers detect the origin of photons and use that information to construct an image of the brain
What does subtraction in neuroimaging involve?
Finding the average of the differences between the images of the patient and control images
What is the main advantage of PET?
Shows the biochemical status of the brain
Which brain imaging technique uses a radio frequency signal to knock aligned atoms from their magnetic field and systematically measures the energy signals they give off when they realign to construct an image
MRI
Do MRI images have high or low resolution?
High
Which neuroimaging technique images fibre pathways by detecting directional movements of water molecules in ventricles?
Diffusion tensor imaging
What is the property of anisotropy?
Movement in nerve fibres tends to follow the longitudinal axis
Which neuroimaging technique can detect the degeneration of axons and distortion of and damage to fibres?
Diffusion tensor imaging
T or F: DTI can be combined with MRI, fMRI, and ERP.
True
T or F: Before neural activation, oxyhemoglibin is higher than deoxyhemoglobin.
False. Equal before activation. Oxyhemoglibin is higher than deoxyhemoglobin after activation.
Different relation curves for protons in oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are used for which type of neuroimaging technique?
fMRI
What is a multimodal atlas?
A combination of many brain images from different people merged together to create a single image
What are three approached to studying brain development?
- Correlate NS development with development of behaviours
- Make inferences about brain development from behaviour
- Examine factors that influence both brain and behavioural development and make inferences
Does brain development occur at a constant rate or in stages/waves?
Stages/waves
What are the seven stages of development of the human brain?
- Neurogenesis
- Migration
- Differentiation
- Maturation
- Synaptogenesis
- Cell death/pruning
- Myelogenesis
At age 6-7, where does the reduction in grey matter begin?
The dorsal parietal and sensorimotor regions
Which mechanism of brain development depends on experience driven by a predetermined general time frame
Experience-expectant
Which mechanism of brain development depends on the unique experiences of each individual?
Experience-dependent
Do domesticated or wild animals show greater brain volumes?
Wild
T or F: Prenatal experience can influence brain development.
True
What is the Kennard Principle?
Functions are spared when injury occurs during infancy
T or F: The Kennard Principle always holds.
False. There are many exceptions.
It is possible for complete recovery of function if a brain injury occurs during which stage of neurodevelopment?
Neurogenesis
Brain injuries are especially devastating during which two stages of neurodevelopment?
Migration and differentiation
Is it possible for the brain to recover from injury after migration and differentiation?
Yes
When neurons die, what is released that can cause damage to surrounding neurons (excitotoxicity)?
Glutamate
What are the four main changes that occur in the brain during normal aging?
- Reduction of brain weight
- Loss of grey matter
- Decline in dendrite density
- Slower synaptic speed
T or F: Less cerebral cortex atrophy occurs in those with more education.
True
Which non-invasive procedure uses red or near-infrared light to stimulate, heal, regenerate, and protect tissue that has been injured, is degenerating, or is at risk of dying?
Photobiomodulation
Do shorter wavelengths have more or less energy?
The shorter the wavelength, the more energy
