PSYC*3270 Week 11 Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
T or F: Emotion is similar to memory in that it involves both conscious and nonconscious processes.
A
True
2
Q
Which brain area is the fear response dependent on?
A
The amygdala
3
Q
Which style of parenting has been associated with increased rates of medication for anxiety and depression?
A
Helicopter parenting
4
Q
T or F: Children raised by “helicopter parents” have less developed executive function.
A
True
5
Q
Is excessive screen time associated with increased or decreased grey and white matter?
A
Decreased
6
Q
Is excessive screen time associated with increased or decreased attention and concentration?
A
Decreased
7
Q
Is excessive screen time associated with increased or decreased learning and memory?
A
Decreased
8
Q
Is excessive screen time associated with increased or decreased emotional regulation and social functioning?
A
Decreased
9
Q
Is excessive screen time associated with increased or decreased mental disorders and substance use?
A
Increased
10
Q
Is excessive screen time associated with increased or decreased physical health?
A
Decreased
11
Q
T or F: Excessive screen time is associated with severe cognitive impairment.
A
False. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
12
Q
Mild cognitive impairment is a significant predictor of what group of diseases?
A
Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD)
13
Q
What is the Flynn effect?
A
The progressive increase in population intelligence on a global scale
14
Q
What is the reverse Flynn effect?
A
The progressive decrease in population intelligence on a global scale
15
Q
What has the reverse Flynn effect been correlated with?
A
Increased screen time
16
Q
Does a higher cognitive brain reserve result in the threshold for MCI and ADRD being reached earlier or later in life?
A
Later in life
17
Q
Are basic or complex emotions considered to be a closed set with unique characteristics?
A
Basic
18
Q
Do basic or complex emotions have an evolutionary origin?
A
Basic
19
Q
What does it mean for emotions to have an evolutionary origin?
A
The emotions should be seen across the population, regardless of external influences like culture
20
Q
Are basic emotions fleeting or long-lasting?
A
Fleeting
21
Q
What are complex emotions?
A
Combinations of basic emotions
22
Q
Are basic or complex emotions socially/culturally learned?
A
Complex
23
Q
Are complex emotions fleeting or long-lasting?
A
Long-lasting
24
Q
Dimensional theories of emotion propose that emotions are fundamentally similar but differ along which two dimensions?
A
- Valance
- Reaction
25
In terms of emotion, what is valance?
The level of arousal or intensity of an emotion
26
What are two possible reactions when experiencing an emotion?
- Approach
- Avoidance
27
What is the Papez circuit?
A closed circuit involved in experiencing and processing emotion
28
What are the five key areas of the Papez circuit?
- PFC and sensory cortex
- Amygdala and hippocampus
- Hypothalamus
- Thalamus
- Cingulate cortex
29
Where do all senses lead?
The orbitofrontal cortex
30
Through which structure does the amygdala release stress hormones?
Via the pituitary
31
Through which structure does the amygdala activate the ANS?
Via the brain stem
32
Through which structure does the amygdala evoke emotional behaviour?
Via the brain stem
33
Through which structure does the amygdala suppress pain?
Via the brain stem
34
Through which structure does the amygdala stimulate arousal or attention?
Via the basal forebrain
35
All theories of emotion share what three properties (the order in which they occur changes based on theory)?
- Physiological reaction
- Behavioural reaction
- Subjective experience
36
Which theory of emotion follows this order: Perception, Emotion, Reaction?
The commonsense view
37
Which theory of emotion follows this order: Perception, Reaction, Emotion?
The James-Lange view
38
Which theory of behaviour follows this order: Perception, Emotion and Reaction (simultaneous)?
The Cannon-Bard view
39
Which theory of emotion proposes a bidirectional and reciprocal order for perception, emotion, and reaction?
The modern biopsychological view
40
What does implicit emotional learning involve?
Involves acquiring associations between two or more things
41
Does implicit emotional processing involve conscious or nonconscious processing?
Nonconscious
42
Is Pavlovian/ classical conditioning an example of implicit or explicit emotional learning?
Implicit
43
Are the amygdala pathways involved in fear conditioning required for implicit or explicit emotional learning?
Implicit
44
What is the role of the intercalated cells in the amygdala during fear conditioning?
Connect the lateral and base amygdala with the central amygdala to activate a response
45
When processing sound in a fear conditioning procedure, is the pathway from auditory thalamus to intercalated cells in the amygdala considered the low road or the high road?
The low road
46
When processing sound in a fear conditioning procedure, is the pathway from auditory cortex to intercalated cells in the amygdala considered the low road or the high road?
The high road
47
When processing shock in a fear conditioning procedure, is the pathway from somatosensory thalamus to intercalated cells in the amygdala considered the low road or the high road?
The low road
48
When processing shock in a fear conditioning procedure, is the pathway from somatosensory cortex to intercalated cells in the amygdala considered the low road or the high road?
The high road
49
Is the instructed fear paradigm an example of implicit or explicit emotional learning?
Explicit
50
Is the hippocampus and surrounding medial-temporal areas associated with implicit or explicit emotional learning?
Explicit
51
What brain structure must be intact to express an ANS response when exposed to an explicitly learned fear stimulus?
The amygdala
52
T or F: Arousal modulates stages of memory.
True
53
What is the attentional blink paradigm?
When attending to certain words, participants will fail to perceive the words not being attended to unless they are salient
54
Patients who don't exhibit the pattern of attention associated with the attentional blink paradigm likely have damage to which brain area?
The amygdala
55
What are the two types of stimuli that cause the highest amygdala activation?
- Emotional stimuli
- Novel stimuli
56
What does the dual-systems theory of decision-making propose?
That the cognitive and emotional systems are separate
57
During the Iowa Gambling Task, which brain structure must be intact for participants to explicitly learn to select from decks that provide payoffs?
The amygdala
58
What does the somatic marker hypothesis for decision-making propose?
That emotional information is required to make a decision
59
What does the contemporary view of decision-making propose are the two main ways of deciding?
- Incidental affect
- Integral emotion
60
According to the contemporary view of decision-making, what is incidental affect?
When emotions accidentally/nonconsciously influence decision-making
61
According to the contemporary view of decision-making, what is integral emotion?
When the emotions elicited by each option are used to inform a decision
62
What are four ways to regulate emotions?
- Appraisal
- Input
- Output
- Control
63
In terms of emotional regulation, what is meant by appraisal?
Changing the way one thinks about a situation
64
In terms of emotional regulation, what is meant by input?
Changing levels of engagement to be more or less engaged with the emotional stimulus
65
In terms of emotional regulation, what is meant by output?
Changing how strongly one responds to an emotion once it is being experienced
66
In terms of emotional regulation, what is meant by control?
Changing one's focus to engage in reappraisal or suppression processes
67
Does Ochsner's emotional generation and control model focus on the stages of emotional regulation or the inputs/outputs involved in emotional regulation?
Looks at the multiple stages of emotional regulation
68
Does Gross's emotional regulation model focus on the stages of emotional regulation or the inputs/outputs involved in emotional regulation?
Focuses on the inputs and outputs
69
What are four cognitive control processes proposed by Ochsner?
- Situation modification
- Attention deployment
- Cognitive change
- Response modulation
70
According to Gross's model of emotional regulation, when attempting to change an emotion, is it more helpful to focus on the input or output?
Input
71
What is the difference between learning and memory?
- Learning: The processes of acquiring new information
- Memory: The outcome of learning
72
Is remembering an active or passive process of reconstruction?
Active
73
T or F: Although remembering is an aid in learning from the past, it cannot be used as an aid in predicting/responding to the future.
False. Can be an aid from the past and an aid in predicting/responding to the present/future.
74
What are the two types of long-term memory?
- Declarative (explicit)
- Non-declarative (implicit)
75
What are the two types of declarative memory?
- Episodic
- Semantic
76
Are the medial temporal lobe, middle diencephalon, and neocortex associated with declarative or non-declarative memory?
Declarative
77
T or F: Procedural memory, perceptual representations, classical conditioning, and nonassociative learning are examples of declarative memory.
False. Non-declarative.
78
The basal ganglia and skeletal muscles are involved in which type of non-declarative memory?
Procedural memory
79
The cerebellum is involved in which type of non-declarative memory?
Classical conditioning
80
Reflexive pathways are involved in which type of non-declarative memory?
Nonassociative learning
81
What are the two main types of sensory memory?
- Echoic
- Iconic
82
Is iconic or echoic memory able to be held for longer?
Iconic
83
T or F: Short-term memory had a larger capacity than sensory memory.
False
84
Is sensory or short-term memory able to be held for longer?
Short-term
85
What is it called when there is degradation of a signal or interference with a memory due either new or old information?
Decay
86
Does working memory or short-term memory have a lower capacity?
Working
87
Is working or short-term memory able to be held for longer?
Working
88
What are three ways to keep information in working memory?
- Visuospatial sketchpad
- Phonological loop
- Episodic buffer
89
Did patient H.M., who had part of his temporal lobe removed from each hemisphere, show deficits in explicit or implicit memory?
Explicit
90
The mammillary bodies are involved in what type of memory?
Episodic and recollective memory
91
What are the two types of temporal lobe-mediated memory?
- Recall/recollection
- Recognition
92
What does it mean for there to be a double dissociation in temporal lobe-mediated memory?
There can be a deficit in one type of memory, but not the other
93
During recall/recollection, is the hippocampus activated?
Yes
94
Are the posterior parahippocampal and frontal cortices involved in recall or recognition memory?
Recall
95
During recognition, is the hippocampus activated?
No
96
Is the perirhinal cortex involved in recall or recognition memory?
Recognition
97
When thinking of true memories, are the regions associated with bottom-up or top-down processing activated?
Bottom-up
98
Is there greater activation in the medial temporal lobe and sensory areas when thinking of true or false memories?
True memories
99
When thinking of false memories, are the regions associated with bottom-up or top-down processing activated?
Top-down
100
Is there greater activation in the frontal and parietal regions when thinking of true or false memories?
False memories
101
What is hyperthymesia?
The clinical term for superior autobiographical memory
102
What are three common features among individuals with superior autobiographical memory?
- Highly organized
- Tendency to do things in excess
- Engage in retrieval practice (ex. writing a diary)
103
What brain structure is 7x bigger in individuals with superior autobiographical memory?
The caudate nucleus
104
T or F: Amnesia is permanent.
False. Can be transient or permanent.
105
What is anterograde amnesia?
The inability to acquire new knowledge
106
What is retrograde amnesia?
The inability to retrieve previously learned information
107
What is Ribot's Law?
That temporal gradients in memory loss are greatest for most recent memories
108
What is reverse Ribot's Law?
That temporal gradients in memory loss are greatest for more distant memories
109
When does revers Ribot's law often occur?
When there are interventions for anterograde amnesia
110
What is the difference between traumatic and non-traumatic brain injuries?
- Traumatic: Occurs due to external factors
- Non-traumatic: Occurs due to internal factors
111
What is diaschisis?
Shock throughout the brain that occurs right after brain injury
112
What are the three theories of amnesia?
- System consolidation theory
- Multiple-trace theory
- Reconsolidation theory
113
According to which theory of amnesia does the hippocampus consolidate memories, holds them temporarily, then sends them to be stored elsewhere in the brain permanently?
The system consolidation theory
114
Does the system consolidation theory account for the preservation of new or old memories?
Old
115
As more damage occurs, specifically to the hippocampus, what does the system consolidation theory propose will occur?
More old memories will be lost
116
According to which theory of amnesia is each type of memory dependent on a different brain area?
The multiple-trace theory
117
According to the multiple-trace theory, why are old memories more resistant or amnesia?
Because they change location in the brain as they are recalled
118
T or F: According to the reconsolidation theory of amnesia, memories typically consist of a single trace or neural substrate.
False. Rarely consists of a single trace or neural substrate.
119
According to which theory of amnesia does a memory enter a labile phase each time it is recalled, then is re-stored as a new memory?
The reconsolidation theory
120
T or F: According to the reconsolidation theory of amnesia, each time a memory is used, it can be either strengthened or weakened?
True
121
Damages to the hippocampus at which stage of life leads to deficits in episodic and autobiographical memory?
Early in life
122
Damages to the hippocampus early in life, does not lead to deficits in which types of memory?
- Semantic
- Procedural
123
Does damage to the fimbria-fornix pathway with an intact hippocampus lead to retrograde, anterograde, or both types of amnesia?
Both
124
With hippocampal damage, are anterograde or retrograde memory deficits more severe?
Anterograde
125
With hippocampal damage, are episodic or semantic memory deficits more severe?
Episodic
126
Autobiographic memory is especially affected by damage to which brain region?
The hippocampus
127
T or F: Damage to the hippocampus causes a diminished capacity to mentally "time travel."
True
128
If damage is confined to the CA1 region, approximately how many years of memory are lost?
1-2
129
If damage is confined to the hippocampus, approximately how many years of memory are lost?
15-20
130
If damage is confined to the hippocampus and surrounding areas (i.e. the temporal cortex), approximately how many years of memory are lost?
40-50
131
T or F: Connections in the hippocampus are plastic.
True
132
What is long term potentiation?
Enhanced connectivity between neurons in the hippocampus
133
What is long term depression?
Decreased/weakened connectivity between neurons in the hippocampus
134
Which NT is said to be the key element in potentiation?
Glutamate
135
What are the three main properties of Hebbian learning?
- Cooperatively
- Associativity
- Specificity
136
In terms of Hebbian learning, what is cooperativity?
The idea that there must be more than one input at a time for a change to be made
137
In terms of Hebbian learning, what is associativity?
The idea that weal inputs are potentiated/strengthened when co-occuring with strong inputs
138
In terms of Hebbian learning, what is specificity?
The idea that only the stimulated synapse will show potentiation
139
T or F: NMDA receptors are both ligand and voltage gated.
True
140
What is the effect of glutamate binding to an NMDA receptor?
Causes the channel to open when it becomes sufficiently depolarized
141
What happens when glutamate activates an AMPA receptor?
It can cause Mg2+ to dislodge from the NMDA receptor channel
142
Do cortisol receptors trigger a positive or negative feedback loop?
Negative
143
Which brain area is primarily responsible for regulating cortisol?
The hippocampus
144
What is the umbrella term used to describe neurological disorders involving problems with memory and thinking that affect an individual's emotional, social, and physical functioning?
Dementia
145
Is dementia chronic or acute?
Chronic
146
Is dementia reversible?
No
147
What is the glymphatic system?
The perivascular pathway that facilitates clearance of waste from the CSF and interstitial fluid
148
What is the best/simplest way to activate the glymphatic system?
Sleep
149
Is Alzheimer's disease characterized by anterograde then retrograde amnesia, or retrograde then anterograde amnesia?
Anterograde then retrograde
150
Which type of dementia is associated with a build up of beta-amyloid and tau proteins?
Alzheimer's
151
Which type of dementia is commonly related to stroke, blood flow impairments to brain, high BP and cholesterol, and diabetes?
Vascular dementia
152
Which type of dementia is most commonly characterized by changes in personality, inappropriate behaviour, and language deficits?
Frontotemporal dementia
153
What are the three sub-varients of frontotemporal dementia?
- Behavioural
- Primary progressive aphasia
- Semantic dementia
154
Which of the three sub-variants of frontotemporal dementia is typically characterized by disinhibition and apathy, but preserved episodic memory?
The behavioural variant
155
Which of the three sub-variants of frontotemporal dementia is typically characterized by language impairments?
Primary progressive aphasia
156
Which of the three sub-variants of frontotemporal dementia is typically associated with loss of semantic memory?
Semantic dementia
157
Which type of dementia is characterized by memory loss, movement impairments, confusion, and visual hallucinations?
Lewy body dementia
158
Which type of dementia is said to be related to deposits of aggregated proteins in the brain?
Lewy body dementia
159
Which type of dementia is characterized by changes in personality, memory, and emotional regulation, and is mainly associated with repeated head trauma?
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
160
T or F: It is common for adults aged 80+ with dementia to have more than one type present at a time.
True
161
Do cellular changes associated with Alzheimer's typically begin or end in the medial temporal cortex?
Begin
162
Do cellular changes associated with Alzheimer's typically begin or end in the temporal association and frontal cortical areas?
End
163
Which type of amnesia has an acute and sudden onset, but typically only lasts about a week?
Transient global amnesia
164
Which disorder is characterized by both anterograde and retrograde amnesia, confabulation, meagre conversation content, anosognosia, and apathy?
Korsakoff's Syndrome
165
What is the primary cause of Korsakoff's syndrome?
Prolonged and excessive alcohol intake
