PSYC*3270 Week 11 Flashcards
T or F: Emotion is similar to memory in that it involves both conscious and nonconscious processes.
True
Which brain area is the fear response dependent on?
The amygdala
Which style of parenting has been associated with increased rates of medication for anxiety and depression?
Helicopter parenting
T or F: Children raised by “helicopter parents” have less developed executive function.
True
Is excessive screen time associated with increased or decreased grey and white matter?
Decreased
Is excessive screen time associated with increased or decreased attention and concentration?
Decreased
Is excessive screen time associated with increased or decreased learning and memory?
Decreased
Is excessive screen time associated with increased or decreased emotional regulation and social functioning?
Decreased
Is excessive screen time associated with increased or decreased mental disorders and substance use?
Increased
Is excessive screen time associated with increased or decreased physical health?
Decreased
T or F: Excessive screen time is associated with severe cognitive impairment.
False. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
Mild cognitive impairment is a significant predictor of what group of diseases?
Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD)
What is the Flynn effect?
The progressive increase in population intelligence on a global scale
What is the reverse Flynn effect?
The progressive decrease in population intelligence on a global scale
What has the reverse Flynn effect been correlated with?
Increased screen time
Does a higher cognitive brain reserve result in the threshold for MCI and ADRD being reached earlier or later in life?
Later in life
Are basic or complex emotions considered to be a closed set with unique characteristics?
Basic
Do basic or complex emotions have an evolutionary origin?
Basic
What does it mean for emotions to have an evolutionary origin?
The emotions should be seen across the population, regardless of external influences like culture
Are basic emotions fleeting or long-lasting?
Fleeting
What are complex emotions?
Combinations of basic emotions
Are basic or complex emotions socially/culturally learned?
Complex
Are complex emotions fleeting or long-lasting?
Long-lasting
Dimensional theories of emotion propose that emotions are fundamentally similar but differ along which two dimensions?
- Valance
- Reaction
In terms of emotion, what is valance?
The level of arousal or intensity of an emotion
What are two possible reactions when experiencing an emotion?
- Approach
- Avoidance
What is the Papez circuit?
A closed circuit involved in experiencing and processing emotion
What are the five key areas of the Papez circuit?
- PFC and sensory cortex
- Amygdala and hippocampus
- Hypothalamus
- Thalamus
- Cingulate cortex
Where do all senses lead?
The orbitofrontal cortex
Through which structure does the amygdala release stress hormones?
Via the pituitary
Through which structure does the amygdala activate the ANS?
Via the brain stem
Through which structure does the amygdala evoke emotional behaviour?
Via the brain stem
Through which structure does the amygdala suppress pain?
Via the brain stem
Through which structure does the amygdala stimulate arousal or attention?
Via the basal forebrain
All theories of emotion share what three properties (the order in which they occur changes based on theory)?
- Physiological reaction
- Behavioural reaction
- Subjective experience
Which theory of emotion follows this order: Perception, Emotion, Reaction?
The commonsense view
Which theory of emotion follows this order: Perception, Reaction, Emotion?
The James-Lange view
Which theory of behaviour follows this order: Perception, Emotion and Reaction (simultaneous)?
The Cannon-Bard view
Which theory of emotion proposes a bidirectional and reciprocal order for perception, emotion, and reaction?
The modern biopsychological view
What does implicit emotional learning involve?
Involves acquiring associations between two or more things
Does implicit emotional processing involve conscious or nonconscious processing?
Nonconscious
Is Pavlovian/ classical conditioning an example of implicit or explicit emotional learning?
Implicit
Are the amygdala pathways involved in fear conditioning required for implicit or explicit emotional learning?
Implicit
What is the role of the intercalated cells in the amygdala during fear conditioning?
Connect the lateral and base amygdala with the central amygdala to activate a response
When processing sound in a fear conditioning procedure, is the pathway from auditory thalamus to intercalated cells in the amygdala considered the low road or the high road?
The low road
When processing sound in a fear conditioning procedure, is the pathway from auditory cortex to intercalated cells in the amygdala considered the low road or the high road?
The high road
When processing shock in a fear conditioning procedure, is the pathway from somatosensory thalamus to intercalated cells in the amygdala considered the low road or the high road?
The low road
When processing shock in a fear conditioning procedure, is the pathway from somatosensory cortex to intercalated cells in the amygdala considered the low road or the high road?
The high road
Is the instructed fear paradigm an example of implicit or explicit emotional learning?
Explicit
Is the hippocampus and surrounding medial-temporal areas associated with implicit or explicit emotional learning?
Explicit
What brain structure must be intact to express an ANS response when exposed to an explicitly learned fear stimulus?
The amygdala
T or F: Arousal modulates stages of memory.
True
What is the attentional blink paradigm?
When attending to certain words, participants will fail to perceive the words not being attended to unless they are salient
Patients who don’t exhibit the pattern of attention associated with the attentional blink paradigm likely have damage to which brain area?
The amygdala
What are the two types of stimuli that cause the highest amygdala activation?
- Emotional stimuli
- Novel stimuli
What does the dual-systems theory of decision-making propose?
That the cognitive and emotional systems are separate
During the Iowa Gambling Task, which brain structure must be intact for participants to explicitly learn to select from decks that provide payoffs?
The amygdala
What does the somatic marker hypothesis for decision-making propose?
That emotional information is required to make a decision
What does the contemporary view of decision-making propose are the two main ways of deciding?
- Incidental affect
- Integral emotion
According to the contemporary view of decision-making, what is incidental affect?
When emotions accidentally/nonconsciously influence decision-making
According to the contemporary view of decision-making, what is integral emotion?
When the emotions elicited by each option are used to inform a decision
What are four ways to regulate emotions?
- Appraisal
- Input
- Output
- Control
In terms of emotional regulation, what is meant by appraisal?
Changing the way one thinks about a situation
In terms of emotional regulation, what is meant by input?
Changing levels of engagement to be more or less engaged with the emotional stimulus
In terms of emotional regulation, what is meant by output?
Changing how strongly one responds to an emotion once it is being experienced
In terms of emotional regulation, what is meant by control?
Changing one’s focus to engage in reappraisal or suppression processes
Does Ochsner’s emotional generation and control model focus on the stages of emotional regulation or the inputs/outputs involved in emotional regulation?
Looks at the multiple stages of emotional regulation
Does Gross’s emotional regulation model focus on the stages of emotional regulation or the inputs/outputs involved in emotional regulation?
Focuses on the inputs and outputs
What are four cognitive control processes proposed by Ochsner?
- Situation modification
- Attention deployment
- Cognitive change
- Response modulation
According to Gross’s model of emotional regulation, when attempting to change an emotion, is it more helpful to focus on the input or output?
Input
What is the difference between learning and memory?
- Learning: The processes of acquiring new information
- Memory: The outcome of learning
Is remembering an active or passive process of reconstruction?
Active
T or F: Although remembering is an aid in learning from the past, it cannot be used as an aid in predicting/responding to the future.
False. Can be an aid from the past and an aid in predicting/responding to the present/future.
What are the two types of long-term memory?
- Declarative (explicit)
- Non-declarative (implicit)
What are the two types of declarative memory?
- Episodic
- Semantic
Are the medial temporal lobe, middle diencephalon, and neocortex associated with declarative or non-declarative memory?
Declarative
T or F: Procedural memory, perceptual representations, classical conditioning, and nonassociative learning are examples of declarative memory.
False. Non-declarative.
The basal ganglia and skeletal muscles are involved in which type of non-declarative memory?
Procedural memory
The cerebellum is involved in which type of non-declarative memory?
Classical conditioning
Reflexive pathways are involved in which type of non-declarative memory?
Nonassociative learning
What are the two main types of sensory memory?
- Echoic
- Iconic
Is iconic or echoic memory able to be held for longer?
Iconic
T or F: Short-term memory had a larger capacity than sensory memory.
False
Is sensory or short-term memory able to be held for longer?
Short-term
What is it called when there is degradation of a signal or interference with a memory due either new or old information?
Decay
Does working memory or short-term memory have a lower capacity?
Working
Is working or short-term memory able to be held for longer?
Working
What are three ways to keep information in working memory?
- Visuospatial sketchpad
- Phonological loop
- Episodic buffer
Did patient H.M., who had part of his temporal lobe removed from each hemisphere, show deficits in explicit or implicit memory?
Explicit
The mammillary bodies are involved in what type of memory?
Episodic and recollective memory
What are the two types of temporal lobe-mediated memory?
- Recall/recollection
- Recognition
What does it mean for there to be a double dissociation in temporal lobe-mediated memory?
There can be a deficit in one type of memory, but not the other
During recall/recollection, is the hippocampus activated?
Yes
Are the posterior parahippocampal and frontal cortices involved in recall or recognition memory?
Recall
During recognition, is the hippocampus activated?
No
Is the perirhinal cortex involved in recall or recognition memory?
Recognition
When thinking of true memories, are the regions associated with bottom-up or top-down processing activated?
Bottom-up
Is there greater activation in the medial temporal lobe and sensory areas when thinking of true or false memories?
True memories
When thinking of false memories, are the regions associated with bottom-up or top-down processing activated?
Top-down
Is there greater activation in the frontal and parietal regions when thinking of true or false memories?
False memories
What is hyperthymesia?
The clinical term for superior autobiographical memory
What are three common features among individuals with superior autobiographical memory?
- Highly organized
- Tendency to do things in excess
- Engage in retrieval practice (ex. writing a diary)
What brain structure is 7x bigger in individuals with superior autobiographical memory?
The caudate nucleus
T or F: Amnesia is permanent.
False. Can be transient or permanent.
What is anterograde amnesia?
The inability to acquire new knowledge
What is retrograde amnesia?
The inability to retrieve previously learned information
What is Ribot’s Law?
That temporal gradients in memory loss are greatest for most recent memories
What is reverse Ribot’s Law?
That temporal gradients in memory loss are greatest for more distant memories
When does revers Ribot’s law often occur?
When there are interventions for anterograde amnesia
What is the difference between traumatic and non-traumatic brain injuries?
- Traumatic: Occurs due to external factors
- Non-traumatic: Occurs due to internal factors
What is diaschisis?
Shock throughout the brain that occurs right after brain injury
What are the three theories of amnesia?
- System consolidation theory
- Multiple-trace theory
- Reconsolidation theory
According to which theory of amnesia does the hippocampus consolidate memories, holds them temporarily, then sends them to be stored elsewhere in the brain permanently?
The system consolidation theory
Does the system consolidation theory account for the preservation of new or old memories?
Old
As more damage occurs, specifically to the hippocampus, what does the system consolidation theory propose will occur?
More old memories will be lost
According to which theory of amnesia is each type of memory dependent on a different brain area?
The multiple-trace theory
According to the multiple-trace theory, why are old memories more resistant or amnesia?
Because they change location in the brain as they are recalled
T or F: According to the reconsolidation theory of amnesia, memories typically consist of a single trace or neural substrate.
False. Rarely consists of a single trace or neural substrate.
According to which theory of amnesia does a memory enter a labile phase each time it is recalled, then is re-stored as a new memory?
The reconsolidation theory
T or F: According to the reconsolidation theory of amnesia, each time a memory is used, it can be either strengthened or weakened?
True
Damages to the hippocampus at which stage of life leads to deficits in episodic and autobiographical memory?
Early in life
Damages to the hippocampus early in life, does not lead to deficits in which types of memory?
- Semantic
- Procedural
Does damage to the fimbria-fornix pathway with an intact hippocampus lead to retrograde, anterograde, or both types of amnesia?
Both
With hippocampal damage, are anterograde or retrograde memory deficits more severe?
Anterograde
With hippocampal damage, are episodic or semantic memory deficits more severe?
Episodic
Autobiographic memory is especially affected by damage to which brain region?
The hippocampus
T or F: Damage to the hippocampus causes a diminished capacity to mentally “time travel.”
True
If damage is confined to the CA1 region, approximately how many years of memory are lost?
1-2
If damage is confined to the hippocampus, approximately how many years of memory are lost?
15-20
If damage is confined to the hippocampus and surrounding areas (i.e. the temporal cortex), approximately how many years of memory are lost?
40-50
T or F: Connections in the hippocampus are plastic.
True
What is long term potentiation?
Enhanced connectivity between neurons in the hippocampus
What is long term depression?
Decreased/weakened connectivity between neurons in the hippocampus
Which NT is said to be the key element in potentiation?
Glutamate
What are the three main properties of Hebbian learning?
- Cooperatively
- Associativity
- Specificity
In terms of Hebbian learning, what is cooperativity?
The idea that there must be more than one input at a time for a change to be made
In terms of Hebbian learning, what is associativity?
The idea that weal inputs are potentiated/strengthened when co-occuring with strong inputs
In terms of Hebbian learning, what is specificity?
The idea that only the stimulated synapse will show potentiation
T or F: NMDA receptors are both ligand and voltage gated.
True
What is the effect of glutamate binding to an NMDA receptor?
Causes the channel to open when it becomes sufficiently depolarized
What happens when glutamate activates an AMPA receptor?
It can cause Mg2+ to dislodge from the NMDA receptor channel
Do cortisol receptors trigger a positive or negative feedback loop?
Negative
Which brain area is primarily responsible for regulating cortisol?
The hippocampus
What is the umbrella term used to describe neurological disorders involving problems with memory and thinking that affect an individual’s emotional, social, and physical functioning?
Dementia
Is dementia chronic or acute?
Chronic
Is dementia reversible?
No
What is the glymphatic system?
The perivascular pathway that facilitates clearance of waste from the CSF and interstitial fluid
What is the best/simplest way to activate the glymphatic system?
Sleep
Is Alzheimer’s disease characterized by anterograde then retrograde amnesia, or retrograde then anterograde amnesia?
Anterograde then retrograde
Which type of dementia is associated with a build up of beta-amyloid and tau proteins?
Alzheimer’s
Which type of dementia is commonly related to stroke, blood flow impairments to brain, high BP and cholesterol, and diabetes?
Vascular dementia
Which type of dementia is most commonly characterized by changes in personality, inappropriate behaviour, and language deficits?
Frontotemporal dementia
What are the three sub-varients of frontotemporal dementia?
- Behavioural
- Primary progressive aphasia
- Semantic dementia
Which of the three sub-variants of frontotemporal dementia is typically characterized by disinhibition and apathy, but preserved episodic memory?
The behavioural variant
Which of the three sub-variants of frontotemporal dementia is typically characterized by language impairments?
Primary progressive aphasia
Which of the three sub-variants of frontotemporal dementia is typically associated with loss of semantic memory?
Semantic dementia
Which type of dementia is characterized by memory loss, movement impairments, confusion, and visual hallucinations?
Lewy body dementia
Which type of dementia is said to be related to deposits of aggregated proteins in the brain?
Lewy body dementia
Which type of dementia is characterized by changes in personality, memory, and emotional regulation, and is mainly associated with repeated head trauma?
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
T or F: It is common for adults aged 80+ with dementia to have more than one type present at a time.
True
Do cellular changes associated with Alzheimer’s typically begin or end in the medial temporal cortex?
Begin
Do cellular changes associated with Alzheimer’s typically begin or end in the temporal association and frontal cortical areas?
End
Which type of amnesia has an acute and sudden onset, but typically only lasts about a week?
Transient global amnesia
Which disorder is characterized by both anterograde and retrograde amnesia, confabulation, meagre conversation content, anosognosia, and apathy?
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
What is the primary cause of Korsakoff’s syndrome?
Prolonged and excessive alcohol intake
