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PSYC*3270 > PSYC*3270 Week 11 > Flashcards

PSYC*3270 Week 11 Flashcards

1
Q

T or F: Emotion is similar to memory in that it involves both conscious and nonconscious processes.

A

True

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2
Q

Which brain area is the fear response dependent on?

A

The amygdala

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3
Q

Which style of parenting has been associated with increased rates of medication for anxiety and depression?

A

Helicopter parenting

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4
Q

T or F: Children raised by “helicopter parents” have less developed executive function.

A

True

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5
Q

Is excessive screen time associated with increased or decreased grey and white matter?

A

Decreased

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6
Q

Is excessive screen time associated with increased or decreased attention and concentration?

A

Decreased

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7
Q

Is excessive screen time associated with increased or decreased learning and memory?

A

Decreased

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8
Q

Is excessive screen time associated with increased or decreased emotional regulation and social functioning?

A

Decreased

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9
Q

Is excessive screen time associated with increased or decreased mental disorders and substance use?

A

Increased

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10
Q

Is excessive screen time associated with increased or decreased physical health?

A

Decreased

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11
Q

T or F: Excessive screen time is associated with severe cognitive impairment.

A

False. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

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12
Q

Mild cognitive impairment is a significant predictor of what group of diseases?

A

Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD)

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13
Q

What is the Flynn effect?

A

The progressive increase in population intelligence on a global scale

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14
Q

What is the reverse Flynn effect?

A

The progressive decrease in population intelligence on a global scale

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15
Q

What has the reverse Flynn effect been correlated with?

A

Increased screen time

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16
Q

Does a higher cognitive brain reserve result in the threshold for MCI and ADRD being reached earlier or later in life?

A

Later in life

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17
Q

Are basic or complex emotions considered to be a closed set with unique characteristics?

A

Basic

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18
Q

Do basic or complex emotions have an evolutionary origin?

A

Basic

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19
Q

What does it mean for emotions to have an evolutionary origin?

A

The emotions should be seen across the population, regardless of external influences like culture

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20
Q

Are basic emotions fleeting or long-lasting?

A

Fleeting

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21
Q

What are complex emotions?

A

Combinations of basic emotions

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22
Q

Are basic or complex emotions socially/culturally learned?

A

Complex

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23
Q

Are complex emotions fleeting or long-lasting?

A

Long-lasting

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24
Q

Dimensional theories of emotion propose that emotions are fundamentally similar but differ along which two dimensions?

A
  • Valance
  • Reaction
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25
Q

In terms of emotion, what is valance?

A

The level of arousal or intensity of an emotion

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26
Q

What are two possible reactions when experiencing an emotion?

A
  • Approach
  • Avoidance
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27
Q

What is the Papez circuit?

A

A closed circuit involved in experiencing and processing emotion

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28
Q

What are the five key areas of the Papez circuit?

A
  • PFC and sensory cortex
  • Amygdala and hippocampus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Thalamus
  • Cingulate cortex
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29
Q

Where do all senses lead?

A

The orbitofrontal cortex

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30
Q

Through which structure does the amygdala release stress hormones?

A

Via the pituitary

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31
Q

Through which structure does the amygdala activate the ANS?

A

Via the brain stem

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32
Q

Through which structure does the amygdala evoke emotional behaviour?

A

Via the brain stem

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33
Q

Through which structure does the amygdala suppress pain?

A

Via the brain stem

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34
Q

Through which structure does the amygdala stimulate arousal or attention?

A

Via the basal forebrain

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35
Q

All theories of emotion share what three properties (the order in which they occur changes based on theory)?

A
  • Physiological reaction
  • Behavioural reaction
  • Subjective experience
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36
Q

Which theory of emotion follows this order: Perception, Emotion, Reaction?

A

The commonsense view

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37
Q

Which theory of emotion follows this order: Perception, Reaction, Emotion?

A

The James-Lange view

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38
Q

Which theory of behaviour follows this order: Perception, Emotion and Reaction (simultaneous)?

A

The Cannon-Bard view

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39
Q

Which theory of emotion proposes a bidirectional and reciprocal order for perception, emotion, and reaction?

A

The modern biopsychological view

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40
Q

What does implicit emotional learning involve?

A

Involves acquiring associations between two or more things

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41
Q

Does implicit emotional processing involve conscious or nonconscious processing?

A

Nonconscious

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42
Q

Is Pavlovian/ classical conditioning an example of implicit or explicit emotional learning?

A

Implicit

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43
Q

Are the amygdala pathways involved in fear conditioning required for implicit or explicit emotional learning?

A

Implicit

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44
Q

What is the role of the intercalated cells in the amygdala during fear conditioning?

A

Connect the lateral and base amygdala with the central amygdala to activate a response

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45
Q

When processing sound in a fear conditioning procedure, is the pathway from auditory thalamus to intercalated cells in the amygdala considered the low road or the high road?

A

The low road

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46
Q

When processing sound in a fear conditioning procedure, is the pathway from auditory cortex to intercalated cells in the amygdala considered the low road or the high road?

A

The high road

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47
Q

When processing shock in a fear conditioning procedure, is the pathway from somatosensory thalamus to intercalated cells in the amygdala considered the low road or the high road?

A

The low road

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48
Q

When processing shock in a fear conditioning procedure, is the pathway from somatosensory cortex to intercalated cells in the amygdala considered the low road or the high road?

A

The high road

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49
Q

Is the instructed fear paradigm an example of implicit or explicit emotional learning?

A

Explicit

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50
Q

Is the hippocampus and surrounding medial-temporal areas associated with implicit or explicit emotional learning?

A

Explicit

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51
Q

What brain structure must be intact to express an ANS response when exposed to an explicitly learned fear stimulus?

A

The amygdala

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52
Q

T or F: Arousal modulates stages of memory.

A

True

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53
Q

What is the attentional blink paradigm?

A

When attending to certain words, participants will fail to perceive the words not being attended to unless they are salient

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54
Q

Patients who don’t exhibit the pattern of attention associated with the attentional blink paradigm likely have damage to which brain area?

A

The amygdala

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55
Q

What are the two types of stimuli that cause the highest amygdala activation?

A
  • Emotional stimuli
  • Novel stimuli
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56
Q

What does the dual-systems theory of decision-making propose?

A

That the cognitive and emotional systems are separate

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57
Q

During the Iowa Gambling Task, which brain structure must be intact for participants to explicitly learn to select from decks that provide payoffs?

A

The amygdala

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58
Q

What does the somatic marker hypothesis for decision-making propose?

A

That emotional information is required to make a decision

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59
Q

What does the contemporary view of decision-making propose are the two main ways of deciding?

A
  • Incidental affect
  • Integral emotion
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60
Q

According to the contemporary view of decision-making, what is incidental affect?

A

When emotions accidentally/nonconsciously influence decision-making

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61
Q

According to the contemporary view of decision-making, what is integral emotion?

A

When the emotions elicited by each option are used to inform a decision

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62
Q

What are four ways to regulate emotions?

A
  • Appraisal
  • Input
  • Output
  • Control
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63
Q

In terms of emotional regulation, what is meant by appraisal?

A

Changing the way one thinks about a situation

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64
Q

In terms of emotional regulation, what is meant by input?

A

Changing levels of engagement to be more or less engaged with the emotional stimulus

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65
Q

In terms of emotional regulation, what is meant by output?

A

Changing how strongly one responds to an emotion once it is being experienced

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66
Q

In terms of emotional regulation, what is meant by control?

A

Changing one’s focus to engage in reappraisal or suppression processes

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67
Q

Does Ochsner’s emotional generation and control model focus on the stages of emotional regulation or the inputs/outputs involved in emotional regulation?

A

Looks at the multiple stages of emotional regulation

68
Q

Does Gross’s emotional regulation model focus on the stages of emotional regulation or the inputs/outputs involved in emotional regulation?

A

Focuses on the inputs and outputs

69
Q

What are four cognitive control processes proposed by Ochsner?

A
  • Situation modification
  • Attention deployment
  • Cognitive change
  • Response modulation
70
Q

According to Gross’s model of emotional regulation, when attempting to change an emotion, is it more helpful to focus on the input or output?

A

Input

71
Q

What is the difference between learning and memory?

A
  • Learning: The processes of acquiring new information
  • Memory: The outcome of learning
72
Q

Is remembering an active or passive process of reconstruction?

A

Active

73
Q

T or F: Although remembering is an aid in learning from the past, it cannot be used as an aid in predicting/responding to the future.

A

False. Can be an aid from the past and an aid in predicting/responding to the present/future.

74
Q

What are the two types of long-term memory?

A
  • Declarative (explicit)
  • Non-declarative (implicit)
75
Q

What are the two types of declarative memory?

A
  • Episodic
  • Semantic
76
Q

Are the medial temporal lobe, middle diencephalon, and neocortex associated with declarative or non-declarative memory?

A

Declarative

77
Q

T or F: Procedural memory, perceptual representations, classical conditioning, and nonassociative learning are examples of declarative memory.

A

False. Non-declarative.

78
Q

The basal ganglia and skeletal muscles are involved in which type of non-declarative memory?

A

Procedural memory

79
Q

The cerebellum is involved in which type of non-declarative memory?

A

Classical conditioning

80
Q

Reflexive pathways are involved in which type of non-declarative memory?

A

Nonassociative learning

81
Q

What are the two main types of sensory memory?

A
  • Echoic
  • Iconic
82
Q

Is iconic or echoic memory able to be held for longer?

A

Iconic

83
Q

T or F: Short-term memory had a larger capacity than sensory memory.

A

False

84
Q

Is sensory or short-term memory able to be held for longer?

A

Short-term

85
Q

What is it called when there is degradation of a signal or interference with a memory due either new or old information?

A

Decay

86
Q

Does working memory or short-term memory have a lower capacity?

A

Working

87
Q

Is working or short-term memory able to be held for longer?

A

Working

88
Q

What are three ways to keep information in working memory?

A
  • Visuospatial sketchpad
  • Phonological loop
  • Episodic buffer
89
Q

Did patient H.M., who had part of his temporal lobe removed from each hemisphere, show deficits in explicit or implicit memory?

A

Explicit

90
Q

The mammillary bodies are involved in what type of memory?

A

Episodic and recollective memory

91
Q

What are the two types of temporal lobe-mediated memory?

A
  • Recall/recollection
  • Recognition
92
Q

What does it mean for there to be a double dissociation in temporal lobe-mediated memory?

A

There can be a deficit in one type of memory, but not the other

93
Q

During recall/recollection, is the hippocampus activated?

A

Yes

94
Q

Are the posterior parahippocampal and frontal cortices involved in recall or recognition memory?

A

Recall

95
Q

During recognition, is the hippocampus activated?

A

No

96
Q

Is the perirhinal cortex involved in recall or recognition memory?

A

Recognition

97
Q

When thinking of true memories, are the regions associated with bottom-up or top-down processing activated?

A

Bottom-up

98
Q

Is there greater activation in the medial temporal lobe and sensory areas when thinking of true or false memories?

A

True memories

99
Q

When thinking of false memories, are the regions associated with bottom-up or top-down processing activated?

A

Top-down

100
Q

Is there greater activation in the frontal and parietal regions when thinking of true or false memories?

A

False memories

101
Q

What is hyperthymesia?

A

The clinical term for superior autobiographical memory

102
Q

What are three common features among individuals with superior autobiographical memory?

A
  • Highly organized
  • Tendency to do things in excess
  • Engage in retrieval practice (ex. writing a diary)
103
Q

What brain structure is 7x bigger in individuals with superior autobiographical memory?

A

The caudate nucleus

104
Q

T or F: Amnesia is permanent.

A

False. Can be transient or permanent.

105
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

The inability to acquire new knowledge

106
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

The inability to retrieve previously learned information

107
Q

What is Ribot’s Law?

A

That temporal gradients in memory loss are greatest for most recent memories

108
Q

What is reverse Ribot’s Law?

A

That temporal gradients in memory loss are greatest for more distant memories

109
Q

When does revers Ribot’s law often occur?

A

When there are interventions for anterograde amnesia

110
Q

What is the difference between traumatic and non-traumatic brain injuries?

A
  • Traumatic: Occurs due to external factors
  • Non-traumatic: Occurs due to internal factors
111
Q

What is diaschisis?

A

Shock throughout the brain that occurs right after brain injury

112
Q

What are the three theories of amnesia?

A
  • System consolidation theory
  • Multiple-trace theory
  • Reconsolidation theory
113
Q

According to which theory of amnesia does the hippocampus consolidate memories, holds them temporarily, then sends them to be stored elsewhere in the brain permanently?

A

The system consolidation theory

114
Q

Does the system consolidation theory account for the preservation of new or old memories?

A

Old

115
Q

As more damage occurs, specifically to the hippocampus, what does the system consolidation theory propose will occur?

A

More old memories will be lost

116
Q

According to which theory of amnesia is each type of memory dependent on a different brain area?

A

The multiple-trace theory

117
Q

According to the multiple-trace theory, why are old memories more resistant or amnesia?

A

Because they change location in the brain as they are recalled

118
Q

T or F: According to the reconsolidation theory of amnesia, memories typically consist of a single trace or neural substrate.

A

False. Rarely consists of a single trace or neural substrate.

119
Q

According to which theory of amnesia does a memory enter a labile phase each time it is recalled, then is re-stored as a new memory?

A

The reconsolidation theory

120
Q

T or F: According to the reconsolidation theory of amnesia, each time a memory is used, it can be either strengthened or weakened?

A

True

121
Q

Damages to the hippocampus at which stage of life leads to deficits in episodic and autobiographical memory?

A

Early in life

122
Q

Damages to the hippocampus early in life, does not lead to deficits in which types of memory?

A
  • Semantic
  • Procedural
123
Q

Does damage to the fimbria-fornix pathway with an intact hippocampus lead to retrograde, anterograde, or both types of amnesia?

A

Both

124
Q

With hippocampal damage, are anterograde or retrograde memory deficits more severe?

A

Anterograde

125
Q

With hippocampal damage, are episodic or semantic memory deficits more severe?

A

Episodic

126
Q

Autobiographic memory is especially affected by damage to which brain region?

A

The hippocampus

127
Q

T or F: Damage to the hippocampus causes a diminished capacity to mentally “time travel.”

A

True

128
Q

If damage is confined to the CA1 region, approximately how many years of memory are lost?

A

1-2

129
Q

If damage is confined to the hippocampus, approximately how many years of memory are lost?

A

15-20

130
Q

If damage is confined to the hippocampus and surrounding areas (i.e. the temporal cortex), approximately how many years of memory are lost?

A

40-50

131
Q

T or F: Connections in the hippocampus are plastic.

A

True

132
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

Enhanced connectivity between neurons in the hippocampus

133
Q

What is long term depression?

A

Decreased/weakened connectivity between neurons in the hippocampus

134
Q

Which NT is said to be the key element in potentiation?

A

Glutamate

135
Q

What are the three main properties of Hebbian learning?

A
  • Cooperatively
  • Associativity
  • Specificity
136
Q

In terms of Hebbian learning, what is cooperativity?

A

The idea that there must be more than one input at a time for a change to be made

137
Q

In terms of Hebbian learning, what is associativity?

A

The idea that weal inputs are potentiated/strengthened when co-occuring with strong inputs

138
Q

In terms of Hebbian learning, what is specificity?

A

The idea that only the stimulated synapse will show potentiation

139
Q

T or F: NMDA receptors are both ligand and voltage gated.

A

True

140
Q

What is the effect of glutamate binding to an NMDA receptor?

A

Causes the channel to open when it becomes sufficiently depolarized

141
Q

What happens when glutamate activates an AMPA receptor?

A

It can cause Mg2+ to dislodge from the NMDA receptor channel

142
Q

Do cortisol receptors trigger a positive or negative feedback loop?

A

Negative

143
Q

Which brain area is primarily responsible for regulating cortisol?

A

The hippocampus

144
Q

What is the umbrella term used to describe neurological disorders involving problems with memory and thinking that affect an individual’s emotional, social, and physical functioning?

A

Dementia

145
Q

Is dementia chronic or acute?

A

Chronic

146
Q

Is dementia reversible?

A

No

147
Q

What is the glymphatic system?

A

The perivascular pathway that facilitates clearance of waste from the CSF and interstitial fluid

148
Q

What is the best/simplest way to activate the glymphatic system?

A

Sleep

149
Q

Is Alzheimer’s disease characterized by anterograde then retrograde amnesia, or retrograde then anterograde amnesia?

A

Anterograde then retrograde

150
Q

Which type of dementia is associated with a build up of beta-amyloid and tau proteins?

A

Alzheimer’s

151
Q

Which type of dementia is commonly related to stroke, blood flow impairments to brain, high BP and cholesterol, and diabetes?

A

Vascular dementia

152
Q

Which type of dementia is most commonly characterized by changes in personality, inappropriate behaviour, and language deficits?

A

Frontotemporal dementia

153
Q

What are the three sub-varients of frontotemporal dementia?

A
  • Behavioural
  • Primary progressive aphasia
  • Semantic dementia
154
Q

Which of the three sub-variants of frontotemporal dementia is typically characterized by disinhibition and apathy, but preserved episodic memory?

A

The behavioural variant

155
Q

Which of the three sub-variants of frontotemporal dementia is typically characterized by language impairments?

A

Primary progressive aphasia

156
Q

Which of the three sub-variants of frontotemporal dementia is typically associated with loss of semantic memory?

A

Semantic dementia

157
Q

Which type of dementia is characterized by memory loss, movement impairments, confusion, and visual hallucinations?

A

Lewy body dementia

158
Q

Which type of dementia is said to be related to deposits of aggregated proteins in the brain?

A

Lewy body dementia

159
Q

Which type of dementia is characterized by changes in personality, memory, and emotional regulation, and is mainly associated with repeated head trauma?

A

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

160
Q

T or F: It is common for adults aged 80+ with dementia to have more than one type present at a time.

A

True

161
Q

Do cellular changes associated with Alzheimer’s typically begin or end in the medial temporal cortex?

A

Begin

162
Q

Do cellular changes associated with Alzheimer’s typically begin or end in the temporal association and frontal cortical areas?

A

End

163
Q

Which type of amnesia has an acute and sudden onset, but typically only lasts about a week?

A

Transient global amnesia

164
Q

Which disorder is characterized by both anterograde and retrograde amnesia, confabulation, meagre conversation content, anosognosia, and apathy?

A

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

165
Q

What is the primary cause of Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

Prolonged and excessive alcohol intake

PSYC*3270 (12 decks)

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