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PSYC*2650 > PSYC*2650 Chapter 9: Concepts and Generic Knowledge > Flashcards

PSYC*2650 Chapter 9: Concepts and Generic Knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

What are concepts?

A

Lists of necessary and sufficient conditions

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2
Q

How can an individual’s concept knowledge be judged?

A

By examining their categorization skills

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3
Q

T or F: The terms “concept” and “categorization” refer to the same thing.

A

False

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4
Q

T or F: Concepts are organized in a hierarchical fashion.

A

True

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5
Q

In terms of the organization of concepts, what is transitivity?

A

The ability to upwards in the hierarchy and make inferences about objects in certain categories

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6
Q

In terms of the organization of concepts, what is property inheritance?

A

Lower level categories inherit higher level properties, but not vice versa

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7
Q

What term describes the idea that members of a category resemble each other?

A

Family resemblance

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8
Q

In general, what does family resemblance rely on?

A

Some number of features being shared by any subset of category members (even though these features may not be shared by all members of the category)

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9
Q

T or F: The basis for family resemblance remains the same between subsets of a category.

A

False. It may shift from one subset of the category to another.

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10
Q

What is a prototype?

A

The single “best example,” or average, identifying the centre of a category

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11
Q

What is the “ideal” of a family?

A

A member with all the family’s features

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12
Q

T or F: Each member of a family will share at least some features with “the ideal.”

A

True

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13
Q

T or F: Everyone has the same prototype for a category.

A

False. Different people will have different prototypes based on their individual experiences.

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14
Q

What is typicality?

A

The degree to which a particular category member resembles the prototype

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15
Q

T or F: If there is a lot of similarity/typicality between something and a certain category, it is likely part of that category.

A

True

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16
Q

What is graded membership?

A

The idea that some members of a category are more typical and therefore more firmly in a category than others

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17
Q

Do people tend to find “typical” category members more or less attractive?

A

More attractive

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18
Q

What is the procedure for a sentence verification task?

A

Participants are given simple sentences and must respond as quickly as possible whether it’s true or false

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19
Q

During a sentence verification task, when there is close similarity between the item mentioned and the prototype for that category, are participants faster or slower when making their decision?

A

Faster

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20
Q

What are participants asked to do in a production task?

A

They are asked to name as many examples in a category as possible

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21
Q

Why do the objects named first in a production task yield faster responses in the verification task?

A

Because they both rely on an object’s proximity to the prototype

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22
Q

What is involved in a rating task?

A

Participants must evaluate how typical an item is within a category

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23
Q

What is basic-level categorization?

A

A level of categorization hypothesized as the “natural” and most informative level

24
Q

In terms of categorization, what is an exemplar?

A

A specific remembered instance of an item belonging to a category

25
Q

When discussing categorization, which two theories are often stated in opposition to each other?

A
  • The prototype theory
  • The exemplar theory
26
Q

What type of reasoning draws on knowledge about specific category members?

A

Exemplar-based reasoning

27
Q

How is categorization using prototypes similar to categorization using exemplars?

A

They both involve comparing the resemblance between conceptual knowledge (of either a prototype or exemplar) and the actual object being assessed to determine if it belongs in a category

28
Q

Do prototypes provide economical representations or information about variability of a category?

A

Prototypes provide economical representations of what is typical for a category

29
Q

Do exemplars provide economical representations or information about variability of a category?

A

Exemplars provide information about variability within a category

30
Q

T or F: The mix of prototype and exemplar knowledge varies between individuals and concepts.

A

True

31
Q

What two factors may influence whether prototype or exemplar knowledge are used?

A
  • The size of the category
  • How easily confused category members are with one another
32
Q

What guides inferences?

A

A broad set of beliefs

33
Q

What role do inferences play in categorization?

A

They help decide how categories are related to each other

34
Q

T or F: People are more willing to make inferences and generalize attributes from a typical case to the whole category, than they are from an atypical case to a category.

A

True

35
Q

What are stereotypes?

A

A cluster of interwoven beliefs about certain groups

36
Q

T or F: Stereotypes can serve the same cognitive function as prototypes.

A

True

37
Q

What is the out-group homogeneity effect?

A

Most people are convinced that their “in-group” is remarkably varied, while “out-groups” are homogenous

38
Q

How does a person’s reasoning typically vary when thinking about natural objects vs artifacts?

A

People tend to assume more stability and homogeneity when reasoning about natural kinds than when measuring artifacts

39
Q

What is anomia?

A

A disorder in which the patient loses their ability to name certain objects

40
Q

How does the recognition of living and non-living things typically vary?

A
  • Living: Recognition typically depends on perceptual properties
  • Non-living: Recognition typically depends on functional properties
41
Q

What is embodied/grounded cognition?

A

The proposal that the body’s sensory and action systems play an essential role in all cognitive processes

42
Q

What is the hub and spoke model?

A

A proposal for how concepts might be represented in the brain

43
Q

According to the hub and spoke model, tissue in which brain area serves as the “hub” that connects and integrates information from many other brain areas?

A

Tissue in the anterior temporal lobes

44
Q

T or F: In a knowledge network, the associative links connecting nodes to one another are not constituents of knowledge.

A

False

45
Q

In a knowledge network, what does the retrieval of information rely on?

A

Spreading activation

46
Q

What is a proposition?

A

The smallest unit of knowledge that can either be true or false

47
Q

How is the propositional network distinct from the knowledge network?

A

It attempts to represent knowledge in terms of propositions

48
Q

Do propositional networks rely on local or distributed representations?

A

Local

49
Q

Do connectionists networks rely on local or distributed representations?

A

Distributed

50
Q

What is the difference between a local and distributed representation?

A
  • Local: Each node represents one idea, so when thinking about a specific idea, a specific node is activated
  • Distributed: Each idea is represented by a pattern of activation across the knowledge network, rather than a certain set of nodes
51
Q

What is parallel distributed processing?

A

A system of handling information in which many steps happen at once and various aspects of a problem are represented in a distributed way

52
Q

T or F: Parallel distributed processing models have an excellent capacity for detecting patterns in the input they receive.

A

True

53
Q

Apart from the prototype and exemplar theories, what is another may the objects can be categorized?

A

By using theory-based concepts

54
Q

What are theory-based concepts?

A

An alternate proposal to categorization, stating that reasoning and knowledge can be used to create categories

55
Q
A

PSYC*2650 (14 decks)

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