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PSYC*2650 > PSYC*2650 Chapter 2: The Neural Basis for Cognition > Flashcards

PSYC*2650 Chapter 2: The Neural Basis for Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

What is Capgras Syndrome?

A

Disorder resulting in an individual being able to recognize people in their world, although convinced that they are not who they appear to be (ex. replaced by a fraud who looks like them)

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2
Q

Damage to which brain regions are associated with Capgras?

A
  • Temporal lobe, disrupts circuits involving the amygdala
  • Prefrontal cortex
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3
Q

What is the neural basis for Capgras Syndrome?

A
  • People with Capgras experience an intellectual identification when seeing a familiar face, but lack the emotional appraisal (created by amygdala) that typically accompanies it
  • They also lack reasonable thinking and the ability to keep track of reality (prefrontal cortex)
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4
Q

Which brain disorder was influential in coming to the conclusion that many different brain areas are needed for simple achievements?

A

Capgras Syndrome

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5
Q

What is localization of function?

A

The study of what specific job is performed by a particular region of the brain

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6
Q

What is neuropsychology?

A

The study of the brain’s structures and how they relate to brain function

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7
Q

What is clinical neuropsychology?

A
  • A specialty within neuropsychology
  • Seeks to understand the functioning of undamaged brains by studying cases involving brain damage
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8
Q

What are neuroimaging techniques?

A

Non-invasive methods for examining either the structure or activation pattern within a living brain

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9
Q

What are the two types of images that can be produced by neuroimaging techniques?

A
  • Structural imaging
  • Functional imaging
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10
Q

How is a computerized axial tomography (CT scan) performed?

A
  • Detectors placed around a person’s head
  • Data is interpreted by computer to create 3D map of brain anatomy
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11
Q

Do CT scans provide structual or functional images?

A

Structural

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12
Q

How is a positron emission tomography (PET scan) performed?

A
  • Low dose of radioactive glucose is injected into patient
  • Detectors placed around the head track which brain areas use the glucose
  • Computer creates a 3D map of activation levels
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13
Q

Do PET scans provide structural or functional images?

A

Functional

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14
Q

How is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI scan) performed?

A

Uses magnetic fields created by radio waves to construct a 3D representation of the brain

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15
Q

Do MRI scans provide structural or functional images?

A

Structural

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16
Q

What does functional magnetic resonance imaging measure (fMRI scan)?

A

Measures oxygen content in blood flowing through each brain region

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17
Q

Do fMRI scans provide structural or functional images?

A

Functional

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18
Q

Does fMRI imaging provide high or low spatial resolution?

A

High

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19
Q

Does fMRI imaging provide high or low temporal resolution?

A

Low

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20
Q

Communication between neurons involves what type of signalling?

A

Chemical signals

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21
Q

T or F: Communication within neurons involves chemical signals.

A

False. Involves Electrical pulses.

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22
Q

What do electroencephalograms (EEG) record?

A

The voltage changes occurring at the scalp, which reflect brain activity underneath.

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23
Q

Do EEGs provide high or low spatial resolution?

A

Low

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24
Q

Do EEGs provide high or low temporal resolution?

A

High

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25
Q

What neuroimaging technique is often used to study broad rhythms in brain activity?

A

EEGs

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26
Q

What are the three main types of broad rhythms recorded by EEGs?

A
  • Alpha rhythms
  • Delta rhythms
  • Gamma rhythms
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27
Q

Which type of EEG rhythm is usually detected when awake and calm?

A

Alpha rhythms

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28
Q

Which type of EEG rhythm is usually detected when deeply asleep?

A

Delta rhythms

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29
Q

Which type of EEG rhythm is suggested to play a key role in creating conscious awareness?

A

Gamma rhythms

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30
Q

What are event-related potentials?

A

Changes in an EEG in the brief period just before during, and after an explicitly defined event

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31
Q

What are three ways in which the brain can be manipulated to observe how changes affect functioning?

A
  • Chemicals
  • Stimulation of specific sites
  • Manipulation of genes
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32
Q

Do neuroimaging techniques provide information on correlation causation?

A

Correlation

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33
Q

Which brain area that is especially active when a face is being perceived?

A

The fusiform face area

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34
Q

What is often argued about the fusiform face area?

A

Whether it is needed for facial perception, or simply a by-product

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35
Q

What “other data” is needed to determine if a brain site actually causes a function?

A

Brain lesions

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36
Q

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

A

Technique using strong magnetic pulses at a specific location to temporarily disrupt the brain region underneath

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37
Q

What are two ways transcranial stimulation can be used to observe brain function?

A
  • Stimulate certain neurons
  • Disrupt certain neuron and cause temporary lesions
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38
Q

What is included in the central nervous system?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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39
Q

What is included in the peripheral nervous system?

A

All aspects of the nervous system, excluding the brain and spinal cord

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40
Q

What are the two subcategories of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Somatic nervous system
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41
Q

What is the difference between the autonomic and somatic nervous systems?

A
  • Autonomic: Regulates involuntary bodily processes
  • Somatic: Controls voluntary movements
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42
Q

What are the two subcategories of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
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43
Q

What is the difference between the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  • Sympathetic: Prepares the body for action and stress (fight or flight)
  • Parasympathetic: Calms the body and helps conserve energy
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44
Q

What are the three main structures of the brain?

A
  • Hindbrain
  • Midbrain
  • Forebrain
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45
Q

What are the three main components of the hindbrain?

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Pons
  • Medulla
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46
Q

What is the cerebellum mainly responsible for?

A

Coordination of body movements and balance

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47
Q

What is the role of the pons?

A

Provides the main connection between the cerebellum and the rest of the brain

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48
Q

What is the role of the medulla?

A

Control of vital functions like breathing and heart rate

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49
Q

What are three major functions of the midbrain?

A
  • Coordination of eye movement
  • Relay of audio information from ears to forebrain
  • Regulation of pain experiences
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50
Q

What large structure is contained in the forebrain?

A

Cerebrum

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51
Q

What is wrapped around the forebrain?

A

Cerebral cortex

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52
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebrum?

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
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53
Q

Which lobe contains the primary motor projection area?

A

Frontal

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54
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex crucial for?

A

Planning behaviours and executive functioning

55
Q

The parietal lobe lies between which two other lobes?

A

Frontal and occipital

56
Q

Which lobe contains the primary sensory projection area?

A

Parietal

57
Q

Which lobe contains circuits crucial for the control of attention?

A

Parietal

58
Q

What is subcortically included in temporal lobes?

A

The limbic system (includes the amygdala and hippocampus)

59
Q

Which lobe contains the primary auditory projection area and Wernicke’s area?

A

Temporal

60
Q

Which lobe contains the primary visual projection area?

A

Occipital

61
Q

What are subcortical structures?

A

Identified structures of the brain underneath the cortex

62
Q

Is the thalamus located in the forebrain, midbrain, or hindbrain?

A

Lower potion of the forebrain

63
Q

What is the primary role of the thalamus?

A

To act as a relay station for all nearby sensory information going to the cortex

64
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Directly below the thalamus in the forebrain

65
Q

What is the primary role of the hypothalamus?

A

To control behaviours serving as biological needs/ motivated behaviours (ex. eating, drinking, sex)

66
Q

What five things is the limbic system involved in?

A

Emotion, behaviour, motivation, learning, and memory

67
Q

What are the two main structures of the limbic system?

A

Amygdala and hippocampus

68
Q

What is the primary role of the amygdala?

A

Emotional control and stimulus evaluation

69
Q

What is the primary role of the hippocampus?

A

The creation of long-term and spatial memory

70
Q

What is the primary role of the basal ganglia?

A

Regulating habitual behaviours

71
Q

What are the three distinct regions the cerebral cortex is traditionally divided into?

A
  • Motor areas
  • Sensory areas
  • Association areas
72
Q

What are convolutions?

A

The wrinkles visible in the cerebral cortex that allow it to fit into the skull

73
Q

What is the longitudinal fissure?

A
  • The deepest groove in the cortex
  • Divides the left and right central hemispheres
74
Q

What does the lateral fissure divide?

A

The frontal lobes on each side of the brain from the temporal lobes

75
Q

what does the central fissure divide?

A

The frontal lobes on each side of the brain from the parietal lobes

76
Q

What is the primary motor projection area?

A

The departure point for nerve cells that send their signals to genrate a motor output

77
Q

Do areas with great precision of movement have more or less cortical area devoted to them?

A

More

78
Q

T or F: Each region within the primary motor projection area controls the movement of a specific body part.

A

True

79
Q

What are the three primary sensory projection areas?

A
  • Primary somatosensory projection area
  • Primary auditory projection area
  • Primary visual projection area
80
Q

What will happen if the primary somatosensory projection area is stimulated?

A

The patient will report a tingling sensation is the associated body part

81
Q

What will happen if the primary auditory projection area is stimulated?

A

The patient will hear clicks, buzzes, and hums

82
Q

What will happen if the primary visual projection area is stimulated?

A

The patient will see flashes of light or visual patterns

83
Q

What is the first cortical receiving area of sensory input?

A

The primary sensory area

84
Q

Are adjacent areas of visual space represented by adjacent brain sites?

A

Typically, yes

85
Q

What is included in the association cortex?

A

Any portions of the cortex outside the motor and sensory projection areas

86
Q

What are apraxias?

A

Disruptions in the initiation or organization of voluntary action

87
Q

Lesions in areas of which lobe typically cause apraxias?

A

Frontal

88
Q

What are agnosias?

A

Disruption in the ability to identify familiar objects

89
Q

Lesions in areas of which two lobes typically cause agnosias?

A

Occipital or the rearmost part of parietal

90
Q

What is unilateral neglect syndrome?

A

Patients seem to ignore half of the visual world

91
Q

Lesions in areas of which lobe typically cause unilateral neglect syndrome?

A

Parietal

92
Q

What are aphasias?

A

Disruptions in language capacities

93
Q

Lesions in the groove between which two brain areas typically causes aphasia?

A

The frontal and temporal lobes

94
Q

Which brain areas are lateralized?

A

Virtually all of them

95
Q

What makes integration between cerebral hemispheres possible?

A

Commissures

96
Q

What are commissures?

A

Thick bundles of white matter that transmit information between hemispheres

97
Q

What is the largest commissure?

A

Corpus callosum

98
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

The main commissure linking the two hemispheres

99
Q

What is a split brain patient?

A

Patient whose corpus callosum is severed, so there is no communication between hemispheres

100
Q

Language processing is ______ hemisphere dominant.

A

Left

101
Q

Spatial processing is _______ hemisphere dominant.

A

Right

102
Q

What is contralateral control?

A

Pattern in which the left half of the brain controls the right half of the body and vice versa

103
Q

T or F: Visual projection areas are not contralateral with regard to physical space.

A

False

104
Q

What are three things glial cells are responsible for?

A
  • Repair of damaged neural connections
  • Guiding the initial development of neural connections
  • Provide electrical insulation for some neurons
105
Q

T or F: Some research suggests that glia may constitute their own signalling system in the brain, separate from information flow provided by neurons.

A

True

106
Q

How is electrical insulation provided by glia beneficial for transmission of neuronal signals?

A

It makes signal transmission faster

107
Q

What are neurons?

A

Nerve cells that send messages throughout the body

108
Q

What are the three main components of a neuron?

A
  • The cell body
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
109
Q

What part of the neuron contains the nucleus and metabolic machinery needed to sustain the cell?

A

The cell body

110
Q

Which region of the neuron detects incoming signals?

A

Dendrites

111
Q

Which region of the neuron sends neural impulses to other neurons?

A

Axon terminals

112
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Layer of tissue surrounding the axon formed by specialized glial cells

113
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

Insulates the axon and allows for faster signal transmission

114
Q

Why does the myelin sheath make signal transmission faster?

A
  • Because of myelin sheath, ions can only flow in or out of axon at gaps between myelin cells
  • Makes the signal travelling down the axon have to jump from gap to gap, overall increasing speed
115
Q

What three things are included in the synapse?

A
  • The presynaptic membrane of one neuron
  • The post synaptic membrane of another neuron
  • The tiny gap between those neurons
116
Q

What is the presynaptic membrane?

A

The cell membrane of the neuron “sending” information across the synapse

117
Q

What is the postsynaptic membrane?

A

The cell membrane of the neuron “receiving” the information across the synapse

118
Q

T or F: The strength of a synaptic connection cannot be altered by experience

A

False

119
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemicals released by neurons to stimulate adjacent neurons

120
Q

When are neurotransmitters released?

A

When a neuron is sufficiently stimulated

121
Q

What is a neuron threshold?

A

The activity/stimulation to which a postsynaptic cell responds by producing an action potential

122
Q

What is an action potential?

A

The brief change in the electrical potential of an axon

123
Q

Does an excitatory post-synaptic potential make the cell more or less likely to achieve action potential?

A

More likely

124
Q

Does an inhibitory post-synaptic potential make the cell more or less likely to achieve action potential?

A

Less likely

125
Q

What is the all or none law?

A

A principle stating that a neuron either fires completely or doesn’t fire at all

126
Q

What causes the graded response of a neuron?

A

The frequency or length of time a neuron fires

127
Q

What is coding?

A

The way in which activity in neurons manages to represent particular ideas or thoughts

128
Q

What are the two proposals for how neurons code?

A
  • A specific group of neurons represents a specific thought
  • Specific thoughts are represented by a distinct broad pattern of neuronal activity (pattern coding)
129
Q

What type of coding is involved in planning and executing particular motions?

A

Pattern coding

130
Q

What are the three proposals about the relationship between the mind and the brain?

A
  • Dualism
  • Reductionism
  • Dual-aspect theory
131
Q

What does dualism propose about the relationship between the mind and the brain?

A

That they have no, or a very limited, relationship

132
Q

What does reductionism propose about the relationship between the mind and the brain?

A

That all aspects of the mind can be explained by (or reduced to) biological constructs of the brain

133
Q

What does the dual-aspect theory propose about the relationship between the mind and the brain?

A

That the mind and brain are real and separate entities and both deserve to be studied

134
Q

T or F: Even simple processing in the brain involves multiple regions.

A

True

PSYC*2650 (14 decks)

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