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PSYC*2650 > PSYC*2650 Chapter 3: Visual Perception > Flashcards

PSYC*2650 Chapter 3: Visual Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What is akinetopsia

A

A disorder causing disruption of movement perception, with other aspects of perception still intact

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2
Q

T or F: Much of what people perceive is distorted and missing information.

A

True

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3
Q

In what order does light travel through the eye?

A
  • Light hits the surface of the eyeball
  • Passes through the cornea and lens
  • Then hits the retina
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4
Q

What is the cornea?

A

The transparent tissue at the front of each eye

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5
Q

What role do the cornea and lens work together to perform?

A

Work together to focus incoming light

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6
Q

What is the lens?

A

The transparent tissue located at near the front of each eye

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7
Q

When muscles tighten, the lens bulges, creating the proper shape for focusing on ________ objects.

A

Nearby

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8
Q

When muscles relax, the lens flattens, creating the proper shape for focusing on ________ objects.

A

Farther

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9
Q

What is the role of the iris?

A

Opens and closes to control the amount of light that reaches the retina

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10
Q

What is the retina?

A

Light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eyeball

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11
Q

What are the three layers that make up the retina?

A
  • Photoreceptors
  • Bipolar cells
  • Ganglion cells
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12
Q

What is the fovea?

A

The centre of the retina

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13
Q

Which region of the eye has the best acuity?

A

The fovea

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14
Q

Does the fovea contain more cones or rods?

A

Cones

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15
Q

T or F: The centre of the fovea has some rods, but not many.

A

False. The centre of the fovea has no rods.

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16
Q

What are photoreceptors?

A

Specialized neural cells that respond directly to incoming light

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17
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors?

A
  • Rods
  • Cones
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18
Q

Which type of photoreceptor is more sensitive to light?

A

Rods

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19
Q

Which type of photoreceptor is unable to discriminate hues?

A

Rods

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20
Q

Which type of photoreceptor has relatively poor acuity?

A

Rods

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21
Q

Which type of photoreceptor needs more light to operate?

A

Cones

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22
Q

Which type of photoreceptor is able to discriminate hues?

A

Cones

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23
Q

Which type of photoreceptor has a high acuity?

A

Cones

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24
Q

How do cones detect colour?

A

There are three types of cones, each having their own pattern of sensitivities to different wavelengths produced by different colours

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25
Q

Where are bipolar cells located?

A

The middle layer of the retina

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26
Q

Where do bipolar cells receive their input from?

A

Photoreceptors

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27
Q

Where do bipolar cells transmit their output?

A

To the retinal ganglion cells

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28
Q

Where are ganglion cells located?

A

The front-most layer of the retina

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29
Q

What is the structure of the optic nerve?

A

A bundle of nerve fibres formed by the axons of ganglion cells

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30
Q

Where does the optic nerve carry information?

A

The lateral geniculate nucleus

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31
Q

What is the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

A way station in the thalamus

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32
Q

Where does the lateral geniculate nucleus transmit information?

A

The primary visual projection area in the occipital lobe

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33
Q

What is area V1?

A

A site on the occipital lobe where axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus first reach the brain

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34
Q

What is single-cell recording?

A

Technique for recording moment-by-moment activation level of an individual neuron within a healthy brain

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35
Q

When measuring the activity of a single neuron, what are investigators interested in?

A

The cell’s firing rate

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36
Q

What unit of measurement is used to describe a cell’s firing rate?

A

Spikes per second

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37
Q

What is lateral inhibition?

A

A pattern in which cells, when stimulated, inhibit the activity of neighbouring cells

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38
Q

Which two types of cells in the retina contribute to lateral inhibition?

A
  • Horizontal cells
  • Amacrine cells
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39
Q

What does lateral inhibition in the optic nerve facilitate?

A

Perception of edges/edge enhancement

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40
Q

What is edge enhancement?

A

A process in which neurons in the visual system give exaggerated responses to the edges of surfaces

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41
Q

What are mach bands?

A

A type of illusion, in which a region is perceived to be slighter darker if adjacent to a bright region and slightly brighter is adjacent to a dark region

42
Q

What causes the mach band illusion?

A

Edge enhancement

43
Q

What are receptive fields?

A

The portion of the visual field to which a cell within the visual system responds

44
Q

What must occur in the receptive field of vision to cause a cell’s firing rate change?

A

The appropriately shaped stimulus must appear in the appropriate position

45
Q

What happens if a stimulus in the visual receptive field is of the wrong form or in the wrong position?

A

The cell’s firing rate will not change

46
Q

Do different receptive fields exist for different specialized neurons?

A

Yes

47
Q

What are centre-surround cells?

A

A type of neuron in the visual system with a doughnut shaped receptive field

48
Q

What happens when the centre of the receptive field of a centre-surround cell is stimulated?

A

Neural firing will increase in frequency

49
Q

What will happen if both the centre and surround of a centre-surround cell are strongly stimulated?

A

They will fire no more or less than usual

50
Q

What are edge detectors?

A

Cells that fire at their maximum rate when a stimulus within the receptive field contains an edge of a particular orientation

51
Q

Are edge detectors typically located in the primary or secondary visual cortex?

A

Primary visual cortex

52
Q

Are movement detectors typically located in the primary or secondary visual cortex?

A

Secondary visual cortex

53
Q

What are movement detectors?

A

Cells that fire at their maximum rate when a stimulus within the receptive field moves in a particular direction

54
Q

What is parallel processing?

A

A system in which processing occurs in steps that are occuring simultaneously

55
Q

T or F: The visual system relies on serial processing?

A

False. The visual system relies on parallel processing.

56
Q

What are two advantages of parallel processing?

A
  • Processing can occur rapidly
  • Allows for the possibility of mutual influence among multiple systems
57
Q

What is serial processing?

A

A system in which processing occurs in a series of steps

58
Q

What is the “what” system/pathway?

A

System of visual circuits and pathways leading from the primary visual cortex to the interotemporal cortex

59
Q

What is the role of the “what” system/pathway?

A

Object recognition

60
Q

Damage to which visual system/pathway causes visual agnosia?

A

The “what” system

61
Q

What is visual agnosia?

A

The inability to recognize visually presented objects, but no issues in recognizing visual orientation or reaching

62
Q

What is the “where” system/pathway?

A

The system of visual circuits and pathways leading from the primary visual cortex to the posterior parietal cortex

63
Q

What is the role of the “where” system/pathway?

A

Spatial localization of objects and coordination of movements

64
Q

What happens when the “where” system/pathway is damaged?

A

Patients have no difficulty identifying objects, but are not able to recognize the object’s orientation or reach for it

65
Q

What is the binding problem?

A

The problem of reuniting various elements of a scene, given that elements are initially dealt with by different systems in the brain

66
Q

What are three elements that contribute to solving the binding problem?

A
  • Spacial position
  • Neural synchrony
  • Attention
67
Q

How does spatial position help solve the binding problem?

A

By overlaying the map of the location of individual elements to combine elements that are in the same areas

68
Q

What is neural synchrony?

A

A pattern of firing where neurons in one brain area fire at the same time as neurons in another area

69
Q

How does neural synchrony help solve the binding problem?

A

If neurons detecting one element are firing in synchrony with those detecting another element, they are registered as belonging to the same object

70
Q

T or F: Attention supports binding.

A

True

71
Q

What is a conjunction error?

A

An error in perception where a person correctly perceives what features are present but misperceives how they are joined

72
Q

What are four ways in which people resolve ambiguity in what they are seeing?

A
  • Gestalt principles
  • Figure-ground organization
  • Perceptual consistency
  • Redundancy
73
Q

What are gestalt principles?

A

Rules that govern how we organize and group visual input

74
Q

What was the phrase coined by Jerome Bruner?

A

“Beyond the information given”

75
Q

What did gestalt psychologists argue about the organization of stimulus?

A

“The perceptual whole is greater than/different from the sum of its parts”

76
Q

What is the gestalt principle of similarity?

A

We tend to group together elements that resemble each other as part of the same object

77
Q

What is the gestalt principle of proximity?

A

We tend to group together elements that are physically close to each other as part of the same object

78
Q

What is the gestalt principle of good continuation?

A

We tend to assume lines and contours are continuous rather than jagged and changing directions

79
Q

What is the gestalt principle of closure?

A

We tend to perceive figures as being whole and complete rather than incomoplete

80
Q

What is the gestalt principle of simplicity?

A

We tend to interpret a form in the simplest way possible

81
Q

What is figure/ground organization?

A

The processing step in which the perceiver determines which aspects of the stimulus belong to the central object and which belong to the background

82
Q

What is perceptual constancy?

A

The achievement of perceiving the constant properties of objects even though the sensory information we receive about them changes based on viewing circumstances

83
Q

What is size constancy?

A

Correctly perceiving size despite changes in retinal image size created by changes in viewing distance

84
Q

What is shape constancy?

A

Correctly perceiving shape despite the change in retinal image created by shifts in viewing angle

85
Q

What is brightness constancy?

A

Correctly perceiving the brightness of objects despite changes in light reaching the eye from various illumination

86
Q

What is unconscious inference?

A

The hypothesized steps followed during perception, in which viewing circumstances are taken into account in a way that enables you to perceive the constant properties of the visual world

87
Q

What causes illusions?

A

A misinterpretation of viewing circumstances, leading to a misperception of the visual field

88
Q

What are distance cues?

A

Information available to the perceiver that allows them to judge how far off a target is

89
Q

What is binocular disparity?

A

A distance cue based on the differences between the eyes’ views of the world

90
Q

Is binocular disparity more or less pronounced the farther away an object is?

A

Less pronounced

91
Q

T or F: Binocular disparity cannot lead to the perception of depth when no other distance cues are present

A

False

92
Q

What are monocular cues?

A

Features of a visual stimulus that indicate distance even if the stimulus is viewed with only one eye

93
Q

What are pictorial cues?

A

Patterns that can be represented on a flat surface to create the perception of a 3D object or scene

94
Q

What relative height?

A

A monocular/pictorial cue that states that objects touching the ground tend to be further away the higher their position is/the closer they are to the horizon

95
Q

What is atmospheric perspective?

A

A monocular/pictorial cue that states that in nature, distant objects tend to be less sharp, and bluer (during the daytime)

96
Q

What is interposition/occlusion

A

A monocular distance cue, which states that closer objects will block farther objects if they’re both in the viewer’s line of sight

97
Q

What is linear perspective?

A

A monocular distance cue based on the fact that parallel lines seem to converge as they get further from the viewer

98
Q

What is the motion parallax?

A

A distance cue based on the fact that as an observer moves, the retinal images of nearby objects move more rapidly than those that are far

99
Q

What is optic flow?

A

A pattern of change in the retinal image, in which the object appears to grow larger as the viewer approaches and shrink as they retreat

100
Q

What feature of visual perception allows distance to be judged in nearly any situation?

A

Redundancy

101
Q

What does redundancy allow for when perceiving distance?

A

Flexibility and versatility

PSYC*2650 (14 decks)

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