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PSYC*2650 > PSYC*2650 Chapter 11: Visual Knowledge > Flashcards

PSYC*2650 Chapter 11: Visual Knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

What is self-report data?

A

A form of evidence in which a person is asked directly about their own thoughts or experiences

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2
Q

What type of data did Francis Galton use to study people’s “mind’s eye”/capacity for visual imagery?

A

Self-report data

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3
Q

What do chronometric studies of imagery measure?

A

The amount of time a task takes

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4
Q

T or F: Imagery researchers rarely ask participants to do something with their mental images, instead they are asked to describe them.

A

False. Other way around.

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5
Q

What are respond characteristics?

A

Cues within an experiment that signal to participants how they’re “supposed to” respond

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6
Q

What occurs during an image-scanning procedure?

A

Participants are instructed to form a specific mental image, then are asked to scan, with their “mind’s eye,” from one point in the image to another

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7
Q

T or F: In an image-scanning procedure, participants scan across images at a constant rate.

A

True

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8
Q

What occurs during a mental rotation task?

A

Participants must determine whether a shape differs from the target only in its position and orientation, or if the shape is of a different form than the target

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9
Q

Does the amount of time needed to perform the mental rotation task correspond to the amount of rotations actually needed to line up the shape with its target?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What is the difference between a picture-plane rotation and a depth rotation?

A
  • Picture plane rotation: Rotations that leave the picture on the 2D plane in which they are drawn
  • Depth rotation: Rotations that involve spinning the image around a vertical axis (lifting it off the page)
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11
Q

Why can visualizing and perceiving be used to prime each other?

A

Because they draw on similar brain mechanisms

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12
Q

Are people able to visualize and perceive simultaneously?

A

No

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13
Q

In which brain area is activation high both when visualizing and actually seeing a stimulus/

A

Occipital cortex

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14
Q

What is area V1?

A

The brain area where axons from the visual system first reach the occipital cortex

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15
Q

T or F: Disrupting area V1 using transcranial magnetic stimulation causes problem in vision, but not visual imagery.

A

False. Causes problems in both.

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16
Q

T or F: Patients with Unilateral neglect syndrome show the same pattern of neglect when seeing and imagining.

A

True

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17
Q

T or F: Blind people seem to have normal imagery.

A

True

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18
Q

How does mental imagery differ between people with vision and people who are blind?

A

Blind people use spacial imagery to perform mental imagery rather than visual imagery

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19
Q

Does damage to brain areas involved in visual imagery cause parallel disruptions in spatial imagery?

A

No

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20
Q

How does mental imagery affect “non-imager’s” autobiographical memory?

A

They are less likely to feel as if they can “relive” their memories

21
Q

What is aphantasia?

A

The inability to create or visualize mental pictures

22
Q

What occurs during a mental-folding task?

A

Participants are shown six connected squared, two of which have arrows on them, and are asked to determine whether, when folded into a cube, if the arrows would line up with each other

23
Q

T or F: People successful in the mental folding task are more skilled in tasks like mental rotation.

A

False. Skill in one is not indicative of skill in the other.

24
Q

Mental rotation relies more heavily on mechanisms in which hemisphere?

A

The right-hemisphere

25
Q

T or F: Mental folding draws on both hemispheres

A

True

26
Q

What is the gender difference seen in mental rotation tasks?

A

Men tend to be faster and more accurate than women

27
Q

Did training using action video games benefit men or women more in their capacities to perform mental rotation tasks?

A

Women

28
Q

T or F: Training can reduce the gender difference in spatial imagery.

A

True

29
Q

Can visual imagery be improved through training?

A

No, only spacial imagery

30
Q

What is eidetic memory?

A

The capacity to retain long-lasting and detailed images of scenes that can be scrutinized as if they were physically present

31
Q

What are percepts?

A

Internal representations of the stimuli being perceived

32
Q

What is the main distinction between percepts and mental “pictures”?

A

Percepts are unambiguous in the way that pictures aren’t

33
Q

T or F: Percepts are organized depictions.

A

True

34
Q

Are percepts easily reinterpreted, or are they resistant to reinterpretation?

A

They are strongly resistant to reinterpretation

35
Q

Are images stored in memory as a whole, or in a piece-by-piece fashion?

A

In a piece-by-piece fashion

36
Q

How are images retrieved from memory?

A

Nodes specifying the “image frame” are activated, then elaborations are added with information from other nodes to create a full and detailed image

37
Q

What is an alternate way for visual information to be represented in long-term memory, that is not in the form of an actual image?

A

As a verbal label

38
Q

T or F: Generally, imagery improves memory.

A

True

39
Q

What do imagery mnemonics need to demonstrate in order to be helpful?

A

They need to show the objects to be remembered interacting with each other

40
Q

What does the dual-coding theory propose?

A

That imaginable materials, such as high-imagery words, will be doubly represented in memory

41
Q

According to the dual-coding theory, what are the two ways in which information can be stored in long-term memory?

A
  • As memories that represent the content of symbolic materials
  • As memories that represent imagery-based materials
42
Q

T or F: Primacy and recency effects are not seen when learning a series of pictures.

A

False

43
Q

T or F: Spreading activation is demonstrated with both verbal and nonverbal materials.

A

True

44
Q

Is visual imagery influenced by schema-based, generic knowledge in the same way as other types of memory?

A

Yes

45
Q

What is boundary extension?

A

A tendency for people to remember pictures a being less “zoomed in” (having wider boundaries) than they actually were

46
Q

What is binocular rivalry?

A

Occurs when competing visual information is presented to the eyeballs

47
Q

How does the brain interpret binocular rivalry?

A

The brain will pick one stimulus to reach conscious awareness over the other and may alternate between them, but never merges the competing information

48
Q

What is perceptual stability?

A

The tendency to have the same dominant image appear during binocular rivalry

49
Q

Can perceptual stability be altered through training?

A

Yes

PSYC*2650 (14 decks)

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