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PSYC*2650 > PSYC*2650 Chapter 10: Language > Flashcards

PSYC*2650 Chapter 10: Language Flashcards

1
Q

What is a sentence?

A

A sequence of words that conforms to the rules of syntax

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2
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

The smallest unit of language that carries meaning

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3
Q

What is the difference between free/content morphemes and bound/function morphemes?

A
  • Free/content morphemes: Able to stand on their own and usually refer to particular objects, ideas, or actions (ex. tree)
  • Bound/function morphemes: Unable to stand on their own and usually specify relations among words by adding information crucial for interpretation (ex. -ed)
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4
Q

What are phonemes?

A

The smallest unit of sound that distinguish one word/morpheme from another

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5
Q

What are the three features that define a sound’s identity?

A
  • Manner of production
  • Voicing
  • Place of articulation
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6
Q

What is the manner of production?

A

The way in which a speaker momentarily obstructs the flow of air out of the lungs to produce a speech sound

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7
Q

What is the difference between voiced sounds and unvoiced sounds?

A
  • Voiced sounds: Cause vocal cords to vibrate while the sound is produced
  • Unvoiced sounds: Cause vocal cords to start vibrating sometime after the sound begins
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8
Q

What is the place of articulation?

A

The position at which a speaker momentarily obstructs the flow of air out of the lungs to produce a speech sound

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9
Q

What is speech segmentation?

A

The process through which a stream of speech is “sliced” into its constituent words, followed by its morphemes, followed by phonemes

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10
Q

What is coarticulation?

A

A trait of speech production in which the way a sound is produced is altered slightly by the immediately preceding and following sounds

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11
Q

Does coarticulation help make speech more or less fluent?

A

More fluent

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12
Q

What is the phonemic restoration effect?

A

A pattern in which people “hear” phonemes that aren’t actually presented but are highly likely in that context

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13
Q

What is categorical perception?

A

The pattern in which speech sounds are heard merely as members of a category

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14
Q

Which pattern in the perception of speech allows people to be better at hearing differences between categories of sounds than they are at hearing variation within a category?

A

Categorical perception

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15
Q

T or F: If individual phonemes are changed gradually from one extreme to another, people will notice an abrupt shift, rather than hearing the gradations inside each category.

A

True

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16
Q

What two types of word representation do people have?

A
  • Semantic representation (what the word means)
  • Phonological representation (what the word sounds like)
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17
Q

What is generativity?

A

The trait that enables someone to combine and recombine basic units to generate more complex entries

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18
Q

T or F: Linguistic rules are generative

A

True

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19
Q

T or F: Knowledge of language generativity is conscious.

A

False. It’s unconscious.

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20
Q

What is syntax?

A

The rules governing the sequences and combinations of words in the formation of phrases and sentences

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21
Q

T or F: Syntax definitions allow for recursion.

A

True

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22
Q

What is a recursion?

A

A rule that references itself

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23
Q

T or F: Many principles of syntax are related to semantics and sensibility.

A

False. They are separate.

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24
Q

What is the difference between prescriptive and descriptive rules?

A
  • Prescriptive: Rules describing how things are supposed to be
  • Descriptive: Rules describing the regularities in a pattern of observation (how things actually are)
25
Q

What are phrase structure rules?

A

Constraints that govern what elements must be contained within a phrase and the sequence they must go in

26
Q

Are phrase structure rules prescriptive or descriptive?

A

Descriptive

27
Q

In the study of language, what are tree structures used to depict?

A

The relationships among the words in a phrase and relationships between phrases in a sentence

28
Q

What does parsing involve?

A

Dividing an input into its appropriate elements

29
Q

Do people parse sentences as they perceive them, or after the entire thing has been presented?

A

As they are perceived

30
Q

What are garden path sentences?

A

A sentence that initially leads the reader to one interpretation but then requires a change in the initial interpretation to understand the full sentence

31
Q

T or F: People tend to seek the simplest phrase structure that will accommodate the words they have heard so far.

A

True

32
Q

Do people typically assume that they will be hearing/reading active-voice sentences or passive-voice sentences?

A

Active-voice sentences

33
Q

What is the N400 brain wave?

A

The action potential generated when expectations during semantic processing are violated

34
Q

What is the N175 brain wave?

A

The action potential generated when expectations of phrase structure/syntax are violated

35
Q

When perceiving a sentence, do people notice syntactic or semantic anomalies first?

A

Syntactic

36
Q

What is extralinguistic context?

A

The social and physical setting in which an utterance is encountered

37
Q

What is prosody?

A

The pattern of pauses and pitch changes that characterize speech production

38
Q

What are three ways prosody can be used to guide interpretation?

A
  • Provide emphasis to certain elements
  • Highlight a sentence’s intended structure
  • Signal the difference between a question and an assertion
39
Q

What are pragmatic rules?

A

Principles describing how language is ordinarily used that allow for language to be used effectively

40
Q

What are three things that might affect pragmatics?

A
  • Body language
  • Context
  • Inferences
41
Q

What term did the philosopher, Paul Grice, use to describe pragmatic rules?

A

Maxims

42
Q

What is the maxim of relation?

A

States that speakers should say things that are relevant to the conversation

43
Q

What is the maxim of quantity?

A

States that speakers shouldn’t give more information than is necessary

44
Q

During a conversation, what is common in the absence of common ground?

A

Miscommunication

45
Q

Language learning depends on what two factors?

A
  • A human genome
  • A human environment
46
Q

What is aphasia?

A

A disruption of language caused by brain damage

47
Q

What are the two main types of aphasia?

A
  • Fluent aphasia
  • Nonfluent aphasia
48
Q

What is the difference between fluent and nonfluent aphasia?

A
  • Fluent aphasia: Patient is able to produce speech, but it isn’t meaningful, and they are unable to understand any spoken or written language
  • Nonfluent aphasia: Patient is able to understand spoken and written language, but can’t speak or write with any fluency
49
Q

Fluent aphasia is typically caused by damage to which brain region?

A

Wernicke’s area

50
Q

Nonfluent aphasia is typically caused by damage to which brain region?

A

Broca’s area

51
Q

What is a specific-language impairment?

A

A disorder in which individuals seems to have normal intelligence, but experience problems in learning the rules of language

52
Q

What is an overregularization error?

A

An error in which a person produces a word form that is consistent with a broad pattern, even though it doesn’t apply to the current utterance

53
Q

T or F: Overregularization errors are very common for people learning a new language.

A

True

54
Q

What does the linguistic relativity proposal suggest?

A

The language people speak shapes their thought

55
Q

What is the alternative proposal to linguistic relativity?

A

The language a person hears guides what they pay attention to, and what a person pays attention to shapes their thinking

56
Q

T or F: Bilingual children tend to have smaller vocabularies than monolingual children, but bilingual children soon catch up.

A

True

57
Q

What are the two opposing views of language acquisition?

A
  • Linguistic nativism
  • Linguistic empiricism
58
Q

What is linguistic nativism?

A

The idea that humans are born with an innate understanding of grammar and language

59
Q

What is linguistic empiricism?

A

The proposal that humans are born as a “blank slate” and language and grammar are only acquired using learning mechanisms following exposure to language (ex. conditioning)

PSYC*2650 (14 decks)

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