Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psych of Addiction > PSY349 Final > Flashcards

PSY349 Final Flashcards

1
Q

What outcomes are associated with the down-regulation of the endocannabinoid system?

A

Anxiety, difficulty sleeping, depressed mood, and reduced motivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an important role of endogenous cannabinoids, such as anandamide, in the brain?

A

They are released to buffer and mitigate the impact of stressful or traumatic experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What did the quantitative meta-analysis on cue reactivity in imaging studies, focusing on nicotine, alcohol, and cocaine users, reveal about the core circuits of drug craving?

A

Ventral striatum, anterior cingulate, and amygdala were identified as core circuits of drug craving.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What distinguishes voyeuristic disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)?

A

Recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving the observation of an unsuspecting person undressing or engaging in sexual activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

According to Dr. Carnes (1989), what are the characteristics associated with sex addicts?

A

Severe shame and depression, tendencies towards suicidal thoughts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The association between highly processed foods and “food addiction” is linked to characteristics shared with drugs of abuse, such as _______ and ________.

A

High dose; rapid absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

One reason for the resistance to using an addiction framework for compulsive sexual behavior and pornography use is the fear of pathologizing people that have an unhealthy sexual appetite. [True/False]

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The Kinsey Institute, a premier research institute on human sexuality, reported findings related to high exposure to pornography videos, including:

A

Lower sexual responsivity with a partner.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol has a high affinity for endogenous cannabinoid (CB1) receptors, whereas cannabidiol (CBD) does not. [True/False]

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Behavioral or process addictions are similar to substance use disorders in the following way/s:

A

There is a shift in salience attribution.

Withdrawal is experienced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What characterizes a behavior associated with process addiction?

A

Repetitive, persistent behaviors with an inability to stop despite negative consequences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The subjects in the Kinsey study who reported high exposure to pornography videos also indicated:

A

Increased need for more extreme, specialized, or “kinky” material.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What qualities of modern pornography make it a potential problem for some individuals?

A

High-quality recordings with constantly improving image quality, affordability, accessibility without restrictions, and an unlimited offering of sexual content, including risky or illegal practices.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

According to a research study discussed in classs: Similar to subjects with addictive disorders, obese subjects have lower baseline striatal D2 R density, which is directionally proportional
to BMI. [True/False]

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Research discussed in class included a study that found, food consumption is associated with DA release in the dorsal striatum in healthy subjects, and the amount of dopamine released is correlated positively with ratings
of food pleasantness. [True/False]

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Highly processed foods share similar pharmacokinetic properties [True/False]

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Addiction [definition]

A

brain disorder is defined as a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and use despite adverse consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why do we call addiction a disease?

A

treatable
preventable
modifies biology
genetic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

IRISA

A

[Imapired Response Inhibition & Salience Attribution]
take drug –> craving –> binge –> withdrawal –> relapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cravings are induced by

A

triggers or stressors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Addiction shows impairment in which six brain networks:

A

executive
salience
reward
habit
self-directed
memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In what ways can PFC functioning be a protective or risk factor?

A

PFC controls attention and decision making – impaired decision making associated with increased likelihood of doing drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Individual protective factor

A

perceiving substance abuse as risky
secure attachment
self-competence
healthy coping skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Diathesis Stress Model

A

diathesis + stress = development of SUD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Adverse Childhood Experiences
stressful/traumatic events early use of alcohol higher risk of mental illness and substance use as adults
26
OUD Diagnostic Criteria
2 of 3 symptoms: loss of control risky use social/vocational problems
27
What are opioids?
chemical compounds that are derived from natural plant matter
28
Drivers of the Opioids problem
physicians disregarding the issues readily accessible to the population
29
Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms
Anxiety Insomnia Muscle pain Dysphoria Gastrointestinal distress
30
Three Medication Options for OUD Treatment
agonist (methadone) partial agonists (suboxone) antagonist (antagonist)
31
Agonist [definition]
bind to receptors and produce a biological response
32
Partial agonist [definition]
bind to receptors but elicit partial functional response, regardless of the amount of drug administered
33
Antagonist [definition]
binds to receptors but produces no function response, while also preventing an agonist from binging at that receptor site
34
Effects of Alcohol on the Brain
calming/sedative effects HPA axis is changed decrease in top-down inhibition
35
Gut-Liver-Brain Axis
alcohol kills gut microbiota leads to have impaired cognitive function, mood changes, continued drinking behavior chronic drinking increases risk of leaky gut
36
Psychotherapeutic Approaches
motivational interviewing cognitive behavioral therapy contingency management OARS community support
37
What are benzodiazepines?
DNS depressant with sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic effects
38
Some commonly prescribed benzos:
Xanax Klonopin Valium Librium
39
Benzodiazepine withdrawal
memory loss disruption in menstrual cycle increase in psychological symptoms death in pre-clinical studies
40
Proponents of Chronic Overeating as an Addiction
behavioral similarities to drug addiction classical and operant conditioning occurs craving and withdrawal cognitive control
41
Opponents to Chronic Overeating as an Addiction
What is exact substance that is addictive Not enough data to support neurobiology
42
Binge-Eating Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
Recurrent and persistent episodes of binge eating Marked distress regarding binge eating Absence of regular compensatory behaviors
43
Cannabis Use Demographic
College students and young adults
44
Common Experiences of Marijuana Intoxication
slowed time perception better interpersonal relationships heightened sensory effects issues with attention, focus, and short-term memory
45
Heavy/chronic users of marijuana reported impairment in neuropsychiatric, physical, and social domains through
decreased sense of life satisfaction altered brain development and cognitive impairment poor educational outcome lower iQ
46
Cannabis-Induced Psychotic Disorder
disconnect from reality, hallucinations, delusions
47
DSM-5 Cannabis Use Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
at least 2 of the criteria cannabis taken in larger amounts/longer period than intended cravings, withdrawal, tolerance failure to fulfill major obligations persistent desire to cut down and continued use despite knowledge of having a problem
48
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy [definition]
a form of psychotherapy that teaches people to identify and correct problematic behaviors in order to enhance self-control and address problems to stop drug use
49
Contingency management
therapeutic management approach based on frequent monitoring of the target behavior and the provision of tangible positive rewards when the target behavior occurs
50
Motivational Interviewing
systematic form of intervention designed to produce internally motivated change
51
Process Addictions [definition]
repetitive, persistent behaviors, where there is an inability to stop despite negative consequences
52
Four C's Model for Behavioral Addiction
Compulsive behavior Impaired Control Negative Consequences Preoccupation/craving
53
Components to Behavioral Addiction
shift in salience attribution internal/external conflict tolerance, withdrawal, relapse
54
Pornography addiction [definition]
where the consumption of pornography may become harmful and compulsive
55
Potential issues for young [pornography] viewers
more frequent engagement in risky sex sexually coercive partners higher level of sexual aggression
56
What qualities make pornography a potential problem?
image quality affordable and accessible unlimited sexual content
57
ICD-11 Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
a persistent pattern of failure to control intense, repetitive sexual impulses or urges resulting in repetitive sexual behavior sexual behavior has become a central focus of individuals life unsuccessful effort to control desires/impulses distress and shame about behavior
58
PATHOS Screening for Behavioral Addiction
Preoccupied Ashamed Treatment Hurt others Out of control Sad
59
Resistance to Pornography Addiction as a diagnosable condition
potentially pathologizing a healthy sexual appetite excuse to behave n ways that don't align with societal norms potential legal implications
60
Development of a paraphilia
"Trauma Induced Intimacy Disorder" high probability of SA as a child dysfunctional family
61
DSM-5 Gambling Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distressed need to gamble with increasing amounts of money for desired excitement preoccupied with gambling unsuccessful effort to cut back the gambling behavior is not better explained by a manic episode
62
Similarities between Gambling Disorder and Other addictions
tolerance withdrawal cravings salience attribution shifts deceptiveness
63
Pathological Gambling is associated with
personality disorders divorce criminal offending suicidal ideation and attempts
64
How do casinos target problem gamblers?
they make 90% of their profit from the 10% of addicted players offering incentives
65
Cognitive Distortions and Gambling Disorder
Gambler's Fallacy Belief that they can control the outcomes of luck-based activities
66
Overall, how can one argue against the idea that addiction is caused by a lack of willpower?
people cannot control their behavior if the brain areas responsible for such behaviors are biologically compromised
67
Characteristics of Internet Gaming Disorder
attention bias salience shift impaired decision-making
68
Clinical Presentation of Internet Gaming Disorder according to ICD-11
persistent and recurrent use of games preoccupation and withdrawal when not gaming loss of other interests unsuccessful efforts to cut down
69
Prevalence of IGD
overall increase since COVID-19 more males than females 5% of all adolescents
70
Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying IGD
activation in brain regions associated with dopamine mediates reward mechanisms
71
Common Negative Consequences associated with IGD
neglect ADLs loss of sleep social isolation family conflict rage episodes
72
Treatment for IGD
assessment for any co-occurring mental health issues outpatient psychoeducational CBT motivational interviewing
73
Methamphetamine [definition]
schedule II Stimulant derived from amphetamine main effect is increased levels of dopamine, euphoria, alertness, increased energy
74
Reported Positive Effects of Methamphetamine
improved concentration and attention increased libido and sexual performance increases sense of well-being decreased fatigue hallucinogenic effects
75
Harm associated with Meth use
HIV progression profound neuropsychological deficits physical deterioration (premature aging, dental problems)
76
Treatment for Methamphetamine Addiction
contingency management pharmacotherapy for psychostimulant disorders
77
Dual Diagnosis [definition]
refers to two or more illnesses that occur at the same time [SUD and mental illness] with no solid cause-and-effect relationship
78
Any mental illness (AMI) [definition]
a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder - varies in impact (between no/little impairment to moderate impairment)
79
Serious/Severe Mental Illness (SMI) [definition]
a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder that creates a serious impairment interferes with or limits at least one major life activity
80
Why is the co-occurrence of MDD and SUD so prevalent?
abnormal functioning in PFC, ACC, and Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduced brain volume
81
Primary Contributory Factors of Co-occurring diseases
genetic vulnerability environmental factors stress mental illness can contribute to drug use (self medication) substance use can contribute to mental illness (e.g. psychosis)
82
Co-Occurring Treatment
Integrated Mental Health and SUD Treatment individualized treatment plans
83
Components of treating the dually diagnosed
detoxification psychosocial interventions inpatient rehab. psychotherapy medication
84
What happens as a result of the down-regulation of dopamine neurotransmitters?
lower dopamine receptor availability
85
What happens as a result of lower dopamine receptor availability?
no dopaminergic response to natural environmental stimuli
86
How is reward processing impacted by addiction?
EEG demonstrates drug-addicted individuals show the same brain activity to varying monetary amounts
87
Gray matter decrements in the PFC were shown to be positively correlated with the number of years using the drug [True/False]
True
88
The Cue-Elicited Craving Model explains
the cue conditioned stimulus may begin to gain salience with the AC and amygdala
89
The result of impaired response inhibition and salience attribution is
automatic, stimulus-driven behaviors (e.g. compulsive drug consumption) predominate
90
How does addiction override free will?
impairment in the areas of the brain responsible for decision-making result in compromised ability to choose freely between alternative courses of action

Psych of Addiction (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions