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Psych of Addiction > PSY349 Final > Flashcards

PSY349 Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What outcomes are associated with the down-regulation of the endocannabinoid system?

A

Anxiety, difficulty sleeping, depressed mood, and reduced motivation

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2
Q

What is an important role of endogenous cannabinoids, such as anandamide, in the brain?

A

They are released to buffer and mitigate the impact of stressful or traumatic experiences.

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3
Q

What did the quantitative meta-analysis on cue reactivity in imaging studies, focusing on nicotine, alcohol, and cocaine users, reveal about the core circuits of drug craving?

A

Ventral striatum, anterior cingulate, and amygdala were identified as core circuits of drug craving.

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4
Q

What distinguishes voyeuristic disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)?

A

Recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving the observation of an unsuspecting person undressing or engaging in sexual activity

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5
Q

According to Dr. Carnes (1989), what are the characteristics associated with sex addicts?

A

Severe shame and depression, tendencies towards suicidal thoughts

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6
Q

The association between highly processed foods and “food addiction” is linked to characteristics shared with drugs of abuse, such as _______ and ________.

A

High dose; rapid absorption

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7
Q

One reason for the resistance to using an addiction framework for compulsive sexual behavior and pornography use is the fear of pathologizing people that have an unhealthy sexual appetite. [True/False]

A

False

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8
Q

The Kinsey Institute, a premier research institute on human sexuality, reported findings related to high exposure to pornography videos, including:

A

Lower sexual responsivity with a partner.

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9
Q

Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol has a high affinity for endogenous cannabinoid (CB1) receptors, whereas cannabidiol (CBD) does not. [True/False]

A

True

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10
Q

Behavioral or process addictions are similar to substance use disorders in the following way/s:

A

There is a shift in salience attribution.

Withdrawal is experienced.

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11
Q

What characterizes a behavior associated with process addiction?

A

Repetitive, persistent behaviors with an inability to stop despite negative consequences.

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12
Q

The subjects in the Kinsey study who reported high exposure to pornography videos also indicated:

A

Increased need for more extreme, specialized, or “kinky” material.

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13
Q

What qualities of modern pornography make it a potential problem for some individuals?

A

High-quality recordings with constantly improving image quality, affordability, accessibility without restrictions, and an unlimited offering of sexual content, including risky or illegal practices.

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14
Q

According to a research study discussed in classs: Similar to subjects with addictive disorders, obese subjects have lower baseline striatal D2 R density, which is directionally proportional
to BMI. [True/False]

A

True

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15
Q

Research discussed in class included a study that found, food consumption is associated with DA release in the dorsal striatum in healthy subjects, and the amount of dopamine released is correlated positively with ratings
of food pleasantness. [True/False]

A

True

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16
Q

Highly processed foods share similar pharmacokinetic properties [True/False]

A

True

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17
Q

Addiction [definition]

A

brain disorder is defined as a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and use despite adverse consequences

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18
Q

Why do we call addiction a disease?

A

treatable
preventable
modifies biology
genetic factors

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19
Q

IRISA

A

[Imapired Response Inhibition & Salience Attribution]
take drug –> craving –> binge –> withdrawal –> relapse

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20
Q

Cravings are induced by

A

triggers or stressors

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21
Q

Addiction shows impairment in which six brain networks:

A

executive
salience
reward
habit
self-directed
memory

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22
Q

In what ways can PFC functioning be a protective or risk factor?

A

PFC controls attention and decision making – impaired decision making associated with increased likelihood of doing drugs

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23
Q

Individual protective factor

A

perceiving substance abuse as risky
secure attachment
self-competence
healthy coping skills

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24
Q

Diathesis Stress Model

A

diathesis + stress = development of SUD

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25
Q

Adverse Childhood Experiences

A

stressful/traumatic events
early use of alcohol
higher risk of mental illness and substance use as adults

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26
Q

OUD Diagnostic Criteria

A

2 of 3 symptoms:
loss of control
risky use
social/vocational problems

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27
Q

What are opioids?

A

chemical compounds that are derived from natural plant matter

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28
Q

Drivers of the Opioids problem

A

physicians disregarding the issues
readily accessible to the population

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29
Q

Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms

A

Anxiety
Insomnia
Muscle pain
Dysphoria
Gastrointestinal distress

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30
Q

Three Medication Options for OUD Treatment

A

agonist (methadone)
partial agonists (suboxone)
antagonist (antagonist)

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31
Q

Agonist [definition]

A

bind to receptors and produce a biological response

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32
Q

Partial agonist [definition]

A

bind to receptors but elicit partial functional response, regardless of the amount of drug administered

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33
Q

Antagonist [definition]

A

binds to receptors but produces no function response, while also preventing an agonist from binging at that receptor site

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34
Q

Effects of Alcohol on the Brain

A

calming/sedative effects
HPA axis is changed
decrease in top-down inhibition

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35
Q

Gut-Liver-Brain Axis

A

alcohol kills gut microbiota leads to have impaired cognitive function, mood changes, continued drinking behavior
chronic drinking increases risk of leaky gut

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36
Q

Psychotherapeutic Approaches

A

motivational interviewing
cognitive behavioral therapy
contingency management
OARS
community support

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37
Q

What are benzodiazepines?

A

DNS depressant with sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic effects

38
Q

Some commonly prescribed benzos:

A

Xanax
Klonopin
Valium
Librium

39
Q

Benzodiazepine withdrawal

A

memory loss
disruption in menstrual cycle
increase in psychological symptoms
death in pre-clinical studies

40
Q

Proponents of Chronic Overeating as an Addiction

A

behavioral similarities to drug addiction
classical and operant conditioning occurs
craving and withdrawal
cognitive control

41
Q

Opponents to Chronic Overeating as an Addiction

A

What is exact substance that is addictive
Not enough data to support neurobiology

42
Q

Binge-Eating Disorder Diagnostic Criteria

A

Recurrent and persistent episodes of binge eating
Marked distress regarding binge eating
Absence of regular compensatory behaviors

43
Q

Cannabis Use Demographic

A

College students and young adults

44
Q

Common Experiences of Marijuana Intoxication

A

slowed time perception
better interpersonal relationships
heightened sensory effects
issues with attention, focus, and short-term memory

45
Q

Heavy/chronic users of marijuana reported impairment in neuropsychiatric, physical, and social domains through

A

decreased sense of life satisfaction
altered brain development and cognitive impairment
poor educational outcome
lower iQ

46
Q

Cannabis-Induced Psychotic Disorder

A

disconnect from reality, hallucinations, delusions

47
Q

DSM-5 Cannabis Use Disorder Diagnostic Criteria

A

at least 2 of the criteria
cannabis taken in larger amounts/longer period than intended
cravings, withdrawal, tolerance
failure to fulfill major obligations
persistent desire to cut down and continued use despite knowledge of having a problem

48
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy [definition]

A

a form of psychotherapy that teaches people to identify and correct problematic behaviors in order to enhance self-control and address problems to stop drug use

49
Q

Contingency management

A

therapeutic management approach based on frequent monitoring of the target behavior and the provision of tangible positive rewards when the target behavior occurs

50
Q

Motivational Interviewing

A

systematic form of intervention designed to produce internally motivated change

51
Q

Process Addictions [definition]

A

repetitive, persistent behaviors, where there is an inability to stop despite negative consequences

52
Q

Four C’s Model for Behavioral Addiction

A

Compulsive behavior
Impaired Control
Negative Consequences
Preoccupation/craving

53
Q

Components to Behavioral Addiction

A

shift in salience attribution
internal/external conflict
tolerance, withdrawal, relapse

54
Q

Pornography addiction [definition]

A

where the consumption of pornography may become harmful and compulsive

55
Q

Potential issues for young [pornography] viewers

A

more frequent engagement in risky sex
sexually coercive partners
higher level of sexual aggression

56
Q

What qualities make pornography a potential problem?

A

image quality
affordable and accessible
unlimited sexual content

57
Q

ICD-11 Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder Diagnostic Criteria

A

a persistent pattern of failure to control intense, repetitive sexual impulses or urges resulting in repetitive sexual behavior
sexual behavior has become a central focus of individuals life
unsuccessful effort to control desires/impulses
distress and shame about behavior

58
Q

PATHOS Screening for Behavioral Addiction

A

Preoccupied
Ashamed
Treatment
Hurt others
Out of control
Sad

59
Q

Resistance to Pornography Addiction as a diagnosable condition

A

potentially pathologizing a healthy sexual appetite
excuse to behave n ways that don’t align with societal norms
potential legal implications

60
Q

Development of a paraphilia

A

“Trauma Induced Intimacy Disorder”
high probability of SA as a child
dysfunctional family

61
Q

DSM-5 Gambling Disorder Diagnostic Criteria

A

persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distressed
need to gamble with increasing amounts of money for desired excitement
preoccupied with gambling
unsuccessful effort to cut back
the gambling behavior is not better explained by a manic episode

62
Q

Similarities between Gambling Disorder and Other addictions

A

tolerance
withdrawal
cravings
salience attribution shifts
deceptiveness

63
Q

Pathological Gambling is associated with

A

personality disorders
divorce
criminal offending
suicidal ideation and attempts

64
Q

How do casinos target problem gamblers?

A

they make 90% of their profit from the 10% of addicted players
offering incentives

65
Q

Cognitive Distortions and Gambling Disorder

A

Gambler’s Fallacy
Belief that they can control the outcomes of luck-based activities

66
Q

Overall, how can one argue against the idea that addiction is caused by a lack of willpower?

A

people cannot control their behavior if the brain areas responsible for such behaviors are biologically compromised

67
Q

Characteristics of Internet Gaming Disorder

A

attention bias
salience shift
impaired decision-making

68
Q

Clinical Presentation of Internet Gaming Disorder according to ICD-11

A

persistent and recurrent use of games
preoccupation and withdrawal when not gaming
loss of other interests
unsuccessful efforts to cut down

69
Q

Prevalence of IGD

A

overall increase since COVID-19
more males than females
5% of all adolescents

70
Q

Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying IGD

A

activation in brain regions associated with dopamine mediates reward mechanisms

71
Q

Common Negative Consequences associated with IGD

A

neglect ADLs
loss of sleep
social isolation
family conflict
rage episodes

72
Q

Treatment for IGD

A

assessment for any co-occurring mental health issues
outpatient
psychoeducational
CBT
motivational interviewing

73
Q

Methamphetamine [definition]

A

schedule II Stimulant
derived from amphetamine
main effect is increased levels of dopamine, euphoria, alertness, increased energy

74
Q

Reported Positive Effects of Methamphetamine

A

improved concentration and attention
increased libido and sexual performance
increases sense of well-being
decreased fatigue
hallucinogenic effects

75
Q

Harm associated with Meth use

A

HIV progression
profound neuropsychological deficits
physical deterioration (premature aging, dental problems)

76
Q

Treatment for Methamphetamine Addiction

A

contingency management
pharmacotherapy for psychostimulant disorders

77
Q

Dual Diagnosis [definition]

A

refers to two or more illnesses that occur at the same time [SUD and mental illness] with no solid cause-and-effect relationship

78
Q

Any mental illness (AMI) [definition]

A

a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder - varies in impact (between no/little impairment to moderate impairment)

79
Q

Serious/Severe Mental Illness (SMI) [definition]

A

a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder that creates a serious impairment
interferes with or limits at least one major life activity

80
Q

Why is the co-occurrence of MDD and SUD so prevalent?

A

abnormal functioning in PFC, ACC, and Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
reduced brain volume

81
Q

Primary Contributory Factors of Co-occurring diseases

A

genetic vulnerability
environmental factors
stress
mental illness can contribute to drug use (self medication)
substance use can contribute to mental illness (e.g. psychosis)

82
Q

Co-Occurring Treatment

A

Integrated Mental Health and SUD Treatment
individualized treatment plans

83
Q

Components of treating the dually diagnosed

A

detoxification
psychosocial interventions
inpatient rehab.
psychotherapy
medication

84
Q

What happens as a result of the down-regulation of dopamine neurotransmitters?

A

lower dopamine receptor availability

85
Q

What happens as a result of lower dopamine receptor availability?

A

no dopaminergic response to natural environmental stimuli

86
Q

How is reward processing impacted by addiction?

A

EEG demonstrates drug-addicted individuals show the same brain activity to varying monetary amounts

87
Q

Gray matter decrements in the PFC were shown to be positively correlated with the number of years using the drug [True/False]

A

True

88
Q

The Cue-Elicited Craving Model explains

A

the cue conditioned stimulus may begin to gain salience with the AC and amygdala

89
Q

The result of impaired response inhibition and salience attribution is

A

automatic, stimulus-driven behaviors (e.g. compulsive drug consumption) predominate

90
Q

How does addiction override free will?

A

impairment in the areas of the brain responsible for decision-making result in compromised ability to choose freely between alternative courses of action

Psych of Addiction (11 decks)

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