Processes and Behavioral Addictions Flashcards

1
Q

What is a process addiction?

A

repetitive, persistent behaviors, where there is an inability to stop despite the negative consequences

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2
Q

What makes process addictions ‘addictions’?

A

cravings, bingeing, tolerance, withdrawal
stimulation of endogenous chemicals
failure to control behavior regardless of adverse and catastrophic consequences

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3
Q

Pornography addiction (definition)

A

where the consumption of pornography (material describing or showing sexual acts and is meant to arousing to the viewer) may become harmful and compulsive

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4
Q

Why do people watch porn?

A

Enhance sexual arousal
learn about sex
loneliness
boredom
decrease shame about sex
confirm sexual orientation

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5
Q

How can porn be potentially helpful?

A

education
shame reduction
normalize homosexual/bisexual behavior
normalize personal behavior
stress reduction

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6
Q

Issues for young porn viewers

A

more frequent engagement in risky sex
experience sexually coercive partners
male adolescents who report regular porn use exhibit higher levels of aggression

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7
Q

Issues Arising as a result of pornography

A

miseducation
exploitation/abuse
physical issues
addiction

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8
Q

Subject who reported high exposure to pornography reported physical problems such as

A

pornography-induced erectile dysfunction
pornography-induced abnormally low libido
lower sexual responsibility with partners
increased need for more extremely specialized and “kinky” videos

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9
Q

Neurobiological underpinnings of porn addiction

A

Novelty; compelling because it creates increases in dopamine in regions of the brain associated with reward and goal-directed behavior

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10
Q

Salient Qualities of Internet Porn that Stimulate Dopamine

A

mesolimbic dopamine activity also nehanced by properties often associated with internet pornography
violation of expectations
anticipation of reward/anxiety

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11
Q

ICD-11 Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder Diagnostic Criteria

A

a persistent pattern of failure to control intense, repetitive sexual impulses or urges resulting in repetitive sexual behavior manifested in one or more of the following:
- engaging in sexual behaviors has become a central focus of the individual’s life to the point of neglecting personal responsibilities
- numerous unsuccessful efforts to control or reduce behaviors
- continuing behaviors despite adverse consequences/no pleasure

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12
Q

Controversy regarding sex addiction

A

Some think its a myth; excuse for questionable moral behavior
could describe someone with a higher-than-average sex drive

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13
Q

Prevalence of sex addiction

A

Research suggests 1 in 25 people struggle with “sex addiction”

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14
Q

Varying presentation of sex addiction

A

some show characteristics of impulse control disorder
some exhibit sexual obsessions and compulsions like OCD

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15
Q

Similarities to OCD

A

obsessions - unsuccessful attempts to ignore or suppress
compulsions - driven to perform the compulsion to reduce the distress of obsession
impulsion - failure to resist

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16
Q

Common characteristics of Sex Addiction

A

emotional insecurity
low frustration tolerance
acting out behaviors
marital instability
anxiety
social isolation
underlying depression
85% are males

17
Q

Characteristics of Sex Addicts

A

shame and depression
abusive and explotative behavior
Double-life in secracy
Appereance maintenance

18
Q

Gambling Disorder DSM-5 definition

A

Persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress

19
Q

Gambling Disorder DSM-5 Criteria

A
  • needs to gamble with increasing abouts of money to achieve desired excitement (tolerance)
  • restless/irritable when attempting to cut down or stop (withdrawal)
  • repeated unsuccessful efforts to control problem
20
Q

How does gambling disorder present similarly to other addictions?

A

tolerance, withdrawal, cravings
Change in salience attribution
gambling as a coping mechanism

21
Q

Pathological gambling is associated with

A

personality disorders
divorce
criminal offending to support gambling
suicidal ideation and attempts
alcohol misuse

22
Q

Suicidality and Gambling Disorders

A

Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts are frequent in people with gambling disorder and are substantially greater than the general population

23
Q

Are problem gamblers victims?

A

Casino industry prey on the addiction and lack of control problem gamblers have over their behavior
Offer incentives to customers even if they know they are problem gamblers

24
Q

Heritability in Gambling Disorder

A

50% of total variance in gambling behavior is accounted for by genetics

25
Cognitive Distortions and Gambling DIsorder
Gambler's Fallacy - belief that independent, past events influence independent, future occurrences
26
CBT for Gambling Disorder
focus on changing unhealthy gambling behavior and thoughts teaches how to fight gambling urges and deal with uncomfortable emotions
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Gambling Disorder is a disease because
people cannot control their behavior if the brain areas responsible for such behavior are biologically compromised
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Why do people play video games?
Recreation Achievement/competition Sociability Immersion Avoid reality or coping
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When does gaming become pathological?
Compulsive, preoccupation, cravings, negative consequences
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Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMO's)
highest correlation with problem gambling immersive, connection with other gamers, novelty, variable ratio reinforcement schedule
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What is Gaming Addiction?
Attention bias Salience Shift Impaired Decision making
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Clinical Presentation of Gaming Disorder
preoccupation wiwth gaming withdrawal-like symptoms tolerance loss of other interests used to cope/escape negative emotions jeopardized relationship/ignoring responsibilities
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Prevalence of Internet Gaming Across the World
Overall increase since COVID-19 Gaming curfews and restrictions in some countries 5% of adolescents around the globe
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Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying IGD
activation in brain regions associated with dopamine reduced PFC activity related to impulse control and decision-making reduced functional connectivity in networks involved with cognitive control, executive function, motivation, and reward
35
Attentional Bias in IGD Individuals
higher attention to addiction related stimuli (Stroop Color Test)
36
Common Negative Consequences of IGD
Neglect ADL's Loss of sleep social isolation family conflict financial problems
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Assessment of IGD
DSM or ICD Quantitative Assessments Structured Interviews
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Treatment for IGD
residental treatment facilities outpatient programs psychoeducation cognitive therapy motivational interviewing
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