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PSY2002 SEMESTER 1 > PSY2002 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 8 > Flashcards

PSY2002 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 8 Flashcards

1
Q

compare cognitive control, and EF

A

top-down mental process, constrating to stimulus driven bottom-up processes
require effort

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2
Q

give examples of core cognitive processes

A

WM, IC, flexibility

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3
Q

name higher order cognitions

A

object permanence, self-recognition, mental time travel, theory of mind, tool use/causal reasoning

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4
Q

what real-life act can EF impact

A

addiction, OCD, depression, jobs, ADHD, relationships, crime, QoL, treatment adherence, maths/reading ability

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5
Q

whys inhibition important in psychology

A

describes behaviour, decision making, cognitive processes
measures of inhibitory control used in research and relate to clinical and dev psychology, neuroscience AI and robotics

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6
Q

what is associative inhibition

A

original term used instead of inhibitory control
umbrella term for proactive and retroactive inhibition in context of learning and memory

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7
Q

what is behavioural inhibition, name 3 example

A

stopping actions
1. deferred gratification
2. response inhibition
3. reversal learning (inflexibility, compulsivity)- discrimination reversal, rule-reversal, wisconsin tasks

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8
Q

name example for response inhibitino

A

not answering phone when driving

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9
Q

name 3 type of response inhibition

A

action restraint/withholding
action postponing (waiting)
action cancellation (stopping)

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10
Q

what is cognitive inhibition?

A

stopping mental process (memory, thoughts, perceptions, emotions)

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11
Q

cognitive inhibition is difficult to quantify or study. what can be done instead

A

control of movement is similar to controlling ideas, so study principles/mechanisms of cognitive inhibition via studying inhibiting motor response
override planned/already initiated actions, behavioural tasks

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12
Q

what was Freud’s view for inhibitive control

A

problematic (defined as expression of restriction of ego-function having different cause, linking to concept of anxiety) but earlier Freudian concepts similar to lack of excitation

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13
Q

what does lesioning PFC do with inhibition

A

demonstrate interference of delayed response task, perseveration
frontal lobe damage also shows disinhibition

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14
Q

define response perseveration, where is it located?

A

inability to shift from 1 response to another linked to damage of prefrontal-caudate-subthalamic-hippocampal system

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15
Q

define drive disinhibition, where is it located?

A

related to motivational/emotional processes and associated with prefrontal-hypothalamic-amygdaloid complex

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16
Q

what other brain areas are implicated in inhibition

A

basal ganglia, hippocampus, cerebellum, brainstem reticular formation

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17
Q

what does stimulation of PFC during go/nogo task cause

A

reduced activity in PFC motor cortex and resopnse suppression

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18
Q

what is the current view regarding EF coactivity

A

requires each other and so combination of attention, inhibition, flexibility, allows complex behaviour

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18
Q

what is relationship between inhibition and impulsivity

A

impulsivity a result of deficient inhibitory process, links to addiction, ADHD, mania, psychiatric disorder

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18
Q

how can inhibition be studied in a lab, but issues of doing this

A

using response inhibition (however may only correspond to some types of impulsivity, not all impulsivity)
translational potential of animal studies into response inhibition

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18
Q

outline distributions for reaction times

A

large varibility in reaction time even if simple stimulus-response actions
can be more prepared to respond to certain stimuli (ie, know that green means go)

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19
Q

summarise model of reaction time

A

from time 0s, each runner described as linear function of form: y=ax
y is runner current position (“activation of process”)
a is speed of runner (process’ slope)
x is time

19
Q

in reaction times model, what is needed when defining fast/slow reaction times

A

speed of each runner (slope of each line)
goal line (threshold)

19
Q

what are model parameters?

A

slope and thresholds
can be chosen to fit behavioural data given from ppt
for each process, we can determine time when it crossed threshold (follow line up, until hit threshold) = model reaction time

19
Q

Hanes studied reaction time variability of neurophysiological basis in monkeys, what did he do

A

stimulus of dot in circle, shifts to outside circle, monkey eyes saccade
record frontal eye field of monkey performing reaction time task

19
Q

Hanes studied reaction time variability of neurophysiological basis in monkeys, what did he find

A

neuron increases firing rates before saccade and neurons in frontal cortex indicate that reaction times vary due to rate variability in slope of underlying process
process race toward threshold

20
Q

outline go, nogo task

A

ppt needs to respond to some stimuli but not others
measure reaction times and number of correct go/nogo trial

21
Q

outline stop-signal task

A

go/stop trial mixed randomly so cannot predict (otherwise response doesn’t need to be inhibited)
different types of stimulus, response, trial types can be used
key parameter = stop-signal delay time (shorter ssd makes stopping easier)

22
Q

what is measured in stop-signals task

A

reaction time for go trials and failed stop trials
number of correct/error trials
inhibition functions
stop-signal reaction time

23
Q

what is an issue of waiting strategy in stop-signal task

A

if wait, never clap, then 100% success rates

24
Q

what does stop-signal-reaction-time measure

A

all 3 components of stopping= signal detection, action selection, inhibition
used to describe how well individual can inhibit response
used in researching neurological/psychiatric condition

25
Q

summarise the race model of stopping

A

a race between go, stop processes
process reaching threshold first determines our behaviour
go win= response happens (failure to stop)
stop win= no response happens (successful stop)

26
Q

give strengths of the race model

A

mathematically relates signal-respond reaction time, no-stop signal reaction time, inhibition functions, allows estimations of SSRT
written using generic finish time distribution meaning is generalisable to any subject population

27
Q

give limitations of race model

A

generalisable as doesn’t specify underlying processes meaning only describes (not explain) reactive control

28
Q

explain why race model is general

A

describes both behaviour and underlying cognitive, neurobiological processes and can be applied to different animals and different types of stopping (hand, fingers, leg movement)
and different types of stop-signal tasks (stimuli, task structure)

29
Q

how can race model be used to model inhibition functions

A

identify cognitive and neural mechanisms,
compared with patient populations or used in conjunction with imaging (fMRI, EEG)

30
Q

what is extended race model

A

includes choice in go process and potential for choice in stop process

31
Q

what is interactive race model

A

go process link to movement-related neurons and stop process link to fixation neurons in frontal eye-lid (controls eye movements)
accounts for behaviour, firing rates recorded from movement and fixation neurons in monkeys on counteramdning tasks

32
Q

in cortical-basal ganglia model (race model), what happens on go, stop-signal trials

A

go: saccadic responses generated from frontal eye fields and superior colliculus
stop-signal: response inhibited via hyperdirect pathway
allow basis of understanding interaction between brain structure in response inhibition and other task that are constrained by physiology, behaviour and computation

33
Q

summarise selective stopping tasks

A

ppt has to do discrimination before stopping, but found that when ppts successfully stop, have longer signal-respond RT than no-stop-signal RT due to low selection demand in simple stopping tasks
stop-rate parameter depend on discriminability, intensity, modality of stop signal that can be interpreted as capacity limitations

34
Q

define proactive inhibition

A

ability to adjust behaviour in anticipation of potentially having to inhibit response
“being prepared to stop”
visible as the change in go reaction time

35
Q

in trials, when is proactive inhibition made

A

beginning of block or on trial-by-trial basis, suggests flexible cognitive system that adjust itself quickly in response to context info

36
Q

how can proactive inhibition be measured via stop-signal tasks (implicit and explicit methods)

A

manipulate degree of proactive inhibition exerted by ppts by providing info on probability of stop-signal
explicit: provide specific cue indicating possibility of stop-signal occuring, trial by-trial/block
implicit: vary probability across blocks

37
Q

define trial

A

single presentation of stimulus-response sequence

38
Q

define block

A

consists of several trials, typically having specific parameters
eg; reward probability, trial types

39
Q

define session

A

consists of one or more blocks, different sessions then separated by longer time intervals (hour/days)

40
Q

how does proactive inhibition manifest in stop-go blocks

A

change in average reaction time in go trial between 2 block

41
Q

summarise how we measure proactive inhibition in go trial/block

A
  1. collect all reaction times from go trials in block 1
  2. average them = mean reaction time for block 1
  3. do same for block 2
  4. proactive inhibition score = mean reaction time for block 2 - mean RT for block 1
42
Q

what is proactive adjustment hypothesis

A

proactive inhibition involves adjustments of response threshold

43
Q

how can proactive adjustment hypothesis be tested

A

present cue indicating if signal relevant for next trial
found increasing response threshold increases finishing time of go process but decreases both probability of incorrect go response on no-stop-signal trials and probability of response on stop-signal trials

44
Q

summarise research results for stop-signal tasks comparing stop-signal reaction times in PD vs control

A

tested on and off L-DOPA
longer SSRT in patient >control, but no signif diff between on/off L-DOPA

45
Q

what is stop-signal response time like in alcohol, methamphetamines, cocaine

A

longer SSRT> control groups

46
Q
A

PSY2002 SEMESTER 1 (9 decks)

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