PSY2002 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 10 Flashcards
what are spike trains, what do they provide, how is measured, what kind of accuracy
AP measured by insert electrode and measure voltage change in extracellular space around neurons
high spatial accuracy, can visualise spike train with dots/dashes
define cognitive flexibility
ability to adapt to new rules quicky to achieve goal (Wisconsin card sorting task)
how can rule learning, using delayed match-to-sample tasks be studied in crows- method
present with stimuli and hold info for delay period then identify correct stimulus in choice period
cue (visual/aud) during “role-cue” phase dictate what to do with info
after delay, pick if stimulus present/not in sample
how can rule learning, using delayed match-to-sample tasks be studied in crows- results, how it supports cognitive flexibility and supporting NCL being analogusous for PFC
crow show high performance and can adapt to rule in each trial to do something different every time
high firing in non-match rule trials, low firing in match rule
but similar pattern for auditory/visual, suggesting discrimination based on rule, not presentation, so results are adaptation to abstract rules on single cell level in NCL = cognitive flexibility
how can cognitive flexibility be studied in bees? (via tunnel, learning pattern)
have to learn correct pattern to receive reward
can learn both rules and perform higher than chance
can generalise where pattern will be not just the pattern itself, have to navigate to feeder and generalise an odour (if 1 odour leaves maze, need to learn to remember odour 2)
demonstrates cross-modal learning and indicate concept of “sameness”
in summary, can a crow learn rules, how
crows can learn rules, rule are represented on single cell levels in NCL (nidopallium caudolateral)
in summary, how do bees learn and generalise
can generalise learned pattern, forms crossmodal abstract concepts
how can object permanence be studied in crows
track through Piaget stages of development and use object behind screen
what birds can show object permanence
corvid can perform object permanence tasks, but need training as not part of day-today nirma behaviour
outline macaque study into object permanence including results
single unit recording in inferotemporal cortex
present object on screen, scroll along, move behind wall but gaps in wall so could intermediately see it
object changes behind wall, inconsistent with object permanence (is not anticipated)
found selective firing for unexpected object, suggesting object permannce with a neural representation
how can self recognition be studied in crows, what do they show
rouge test
show self-recognition without PFC
how is mental time travel shown in scrub jays in their normal behaviours
catch food, stash in secret place to come back
what sort of memory does mental time travel include
episodic memory, knowing where we have to be, knowing what’s coming up on schedules
how do scrub jays show mental time travel in understanding when different foods go bad, Clayton (1998)
bird stash mealworm in sand tray, and 5 days later given nuts and stash on other side
found bird go to side where mealworm are, knows needs to be eaten first
how do chimps shown ToM in daily tasks
patience with individuals willing, but unable, to share their food>those unwilling to share
discriminate between accidential/intentional actions
following gazes of others
gestures when facing another and moves to face if other facing away
how did chimps perform on Krupenye ToM false belief task (method + results)
engaging story for chimp, eye-tracking to see where chimps think injured party will look (researcher dressed as chimp acting in certain way)
perform well and look toward target over distractor by significant margin, demonstrating ToM
how to dolphins use tool use
sponge to protect snout when foraging, and teach other dolphin how to do this
how do crows use tool use
fishing for long-horn beetles using hook tool
define tool use
externally employing unattached environment objects to alter more efficiently form, position or condition of another object/organism and user, when user holds/carries tools
chimps use tool kits to get honey, what specific skills do they show
modify tool
sequential tool use
and tool specificity
compare monkeys and humans using fMRI in tool use
similar activation in hand-object interaction
humans= inferior parietal lobe, left lateralised
but isn’t present in monkey
monkeys have difficulty understanding tool-tool interaction (how tool works on another tool, mecahnical knowlledge)
humans have 3 streams supporting tool use, what are the 3
dorso-dorsal
ventro-dorsal
ventral
what is the dorso-dorsal stream in tools use
where
what is the ventro-dorsal stream in tools use
how
what is the ventral stream in tools use
what
what 2 streams to macaques have that supports tool use
dorso-dorsal, ventral
