PSY2002 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 1

Question 1

define model

Answer 1

simplified/idealised representation of thing

Question 2

explain difference between statistical and theoretical cognition model

Answer 2

statistical does math relationship between variables held under specific assumptions
theoretical cognition describes relationship between different mental processes that makes assumptions about nature of these processes

Question 3

give example for a computational model

Answer 3

implemented as functioning computational models
eg; neural network with node representing group of neuron

Question 4

name 2 strategies to reduce processing demands while planning what next to then say

Answer 4

preformulation, underspecification

Question 5

define preformulation

Answer 5

producing phrases used before

Question 6

define underspecification

Answer 6

using simplified expressions in which full meaning is not explicit

Question 7

what are hesistations for and why can we use them to test speechs production

Answer 7

how long it takes to initiate word (find and plan relevant syntax)

Question 8

explain tip of tongue state

Answer 8

unable to retrieve necessary word, due to planned sentence and structure, with syntax in place but specific levels of processing is required to produce speech

Question 9

name 3 levels of tip-of-tonge state

Answer 9

semantic processing
syntactic and morphemic processing
articulation (form processing)
speech error tend to occur within specific process

Question 10

when do speech errors tend to occur

Answer 10

within following processes, rather than crossing boundaries between them:
1. semantic processing
2. syntactic and morphemic processing
3. articulation (form processing)

Question 11

name errors at semantic processing level

Answer 11

semantic blend error at conceptual level eg; spork
or semantic substitution- correct word replaced by word of similar meaning eg, bat/raquet

Question 12

name errors in syntactic and morphemic processing

Answer 12

syntactic and morphemic exchange errors at formulation level eg; slicly thinned
inflection/suffix remains in place but attached to wrong words eg; already suitcased 2 packs (already packed 2 suitcases)

Question 13

name errors in articulation processing levels

Answer 13

word and phoneme exchange eg; forks of a prong

Question 14

what is Fromkin 1971 model of utterance generation (5 stages)

Answer 14

serial processing (discrete)= each stage must be completed before next can begin
1. meaning generated (eg; prongs of fork)
2. syntactic structure generated and associated with semantic features (work out layout)
3. position of intonations placed (first article ‘prong’, second ‘fork’)
4. lexicon look up find word, generate phonological segment (finds words prongs and fork)
5. morphophonemic constraints added, phonemes selected for utterance (the, of, a)

Question 15

give an overview of Dells Spreading Activation Theory (computational)

Answer 15

spreading activation results in activation of related items at all level of processing at same time, cascaded interactive model, semantic and phonemic info processed simultaneously, processes at one level can influence processes at other level

Question 16

name 4 levels of speech production

Answer 16

1. semantic level
2. syntactic level
3. morphological level
4. phonological level

Question 17

what is the semantic level of speech production

Answer 17

meaning of what is to be said - planning level

Question 18

what is the syntactic level of speech production

Answer 18

grammatical structure of words in planned utterance

Question 19

what is the morphological level of speech production

Answer 19

morphemes (basic units of meaning)

Question 20

what is the phonological level of speech production

Answer 20

phonemes (basic units of sound)

Question 21

what is a anticipatory speech error?

Answer 21

speech sound made too early in sentence (Tanadian, from Toronto) due to many of words in sentence being activated during speech planning, sometimes later word more activated than correct one

Question 22

what is a perservatory speech error?

Answer 22

sounds of words spoken later than should be, reflecting planning/monitor failure (eg; red cet, red cat)

Question 23

name 2 types of speech error predicted by spreading-activatio theory

Answer 23

1. anticipatory
2. perservatory

Question 24

what is mixed-error effect

Answer 24

incorrect spoken word semantically and phonemically related to correct word suggesting various levels of processing interacts flexibly and also suggests semantic and phonological factors can influence word selection at same time

Question 25

what is lexical bias effect

Answer 25

speech errors tend to consist of actual words, not non-words due to it being easier for words to be activated as have representations in lexicon

Question 26

outline Ferreira and Griffin study into mixed error effect

Answer 26

ppt name target pic after reading sentence priming semantic competitor, semantic and phonological competitor or unrelated word
semantic = nun (woman went to convent to become__)
semantic+phonological= none (thought there’d be cookie, there were__)
unrelated= match (he lit candles with just one__)
for semantic competitor, nun and priest activated but ppt chose nun as primed to think of it
for semantic and phonological, interactive model combined influence of semantic/phonological similarity caussing error. priest spreads activation to nun, reinforce phonology none
demonstrate semantic and phonological similarity can result in speech errors suggesting processing is fluid and interactive

Question 27

when are speech errors most likely?

Answer 27

when speaker not formed coherent speech plan. few anticipatory error as overall error rate will correlate negatively with anticipatory proportion

Question 28

name strengths of Dell spreading activation

Answer 28

1. convincing account of speech errors, evidence from lab-induced error suggests processing interactive (however some suggests parallel processing in more speech errors)
2. mixed error and lexical bias effects indicates processing associated with speech production is high interactive
3. accounts for other speech error types

Question 29

name weaknesses of Dell spreading activation

Answer 29

1. de-emphasise processes involved in construction of message and intended meanings
2. doesn’t predict time taken to produce correct and incorrect words
3. interactive process is less apparent in error-free data than speech-error data

Question 30

what does WEAVER stand for?

Answer 30

Word-Form Encoding by Activation and VERification

Question 31

outline Weaver (levelt) model, computational

Answer 31

processing items which are semantically similar will be inhibitive
discrete, feedforward activation-spreading model (one-direction, process must finish before start next) and serial (one at time)

Question 32

name 3 levels of WEAVER

Answer 32

1. conceptual level- nodes representing lexical concepts
2. nodes representing lemma, from mental lexicon, activate concept then connect with syntactic info (noun, requires article of “the”)
3. nodes representing word forms in terms of morphemes and their phonemes

Question 33

define lemma

Answer 33

word representation linking with word form, specified syntactically, semantically but not phonologically

Question 34

in WEAVER model, explain its competitive processes

Answer 34

selection of items at each level is based on competition between items
once has been selected, node sends inhibitory signals to other related concepts to stop activation (serial fashion)
predicts items which are semantically similar inhibits processing eg; DOG lemma being activated inhibits cat lemma processing

Question 35

outline Wheeldon & Monsell (1994) experiment for WEAVER model

Answer 35

testing speech production so ppts asked to answer question out loud then name picture
answer to question either semantically/unrelated to pic eg; whale living in sea, apple/pear
found when semantically related, longer RT

Question 36

when do speech errors in levelt model occur

Answer 36

if wrong concept is selected and processed to phonological level, can be avoided by checking mechanism

Question 37

how do WEAVER and Dell differ regarding speech errors

Answer 37

weaver account for inhibitory effects in speech production, Dell does not

Question 38

give strengths of WEAVER

Answer 38

1. lemma contain syntactic info (TOT, Italian speakers know grammatical words gender)
2. word production involves series of stages from lexical selection, morphological encoding, phonological encoding is accurate
3. shifted balance of research away from error to precise timing of words production
4. simple, elegant, easier to test than Dell

Question 39

give weaknesses of WEAVER

Answer 39

1. narrow focus on processes involved in production of single word, meaning several processes involved in planning + producing entire sentence ignored
2. more interactions between differing processing levels than in WEAVER
3. evidence from speech errors (eg: mixed-error effect, lexical bias effect, word-exchange errors) suggests parallel processing during speech production occur to greater extents

Question 40

if processing of spoken words is discrete and feedforward (levelt) then how is phonological processing mean to be occurring

Answer 40

phonological process should only occur for items that have been selected and should not be affected by non target info

Question 41

if processing of spoken words is interactive and parallel (Dell) then how should phonological processing occur

Answer 41

phonological processing is likely to occur for all items that are related by semantics and/or phonology to target item

Question 42

outline Meyer & Damians study for phonologically related item

Answer 42

ppts shown 2 items (overlays) and instructed to name green, and ignore red
phonologically related (dog/doll), not related (doll/bat)
if Dell (interactive cascading), should process both in parallel but if Levelt (competitive discrete), should ignore other and only process down the selected one

Question 43

what did Meyer, Damien conclude

Answer 43

• selection of concepts is competitive
• evidence for lemma
• multiple phonological representations can be active at once
• semantics can influence phonology and vice versa