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PSY2002 SEMESTER 1 > PSY2002 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 5 > Flashcards

PSY2002 SEMESTER 1 - WEEK 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is Moravec paradox

A

reasoning (high-level cognitive tasks) relatively easy to be implemented in a machine compared to other task like perception, action (low-level cognitive tasks) that are surprisingly hard to be implemented in machines

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2
Q

summarise Moravec’s paradox

A

computer good at “hard task” (chess)
bad at “easy task” (walking)

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3
Q

what does blocking all touch sensations from fingers do

A

doesn’t affect motor control but make movement difficult/clumbsy
multisensory integration of touch and vision for feedback to know that we have grasped match and where our matchbox is

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4
Q

we can replicate tactile/visual sensor in robut, but where do issues lie

A

how to replicate multisensory integration = how to integrate info from visual and tactile systems

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5
Q

name 2 challenges for multisensory integration

A
  1. how to transform representations from different senses into common representation
  2. how to integrate info from different senses in coherent percepts
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6
Q

what is the visual reference frame

A

eye-centred/retinal (location of visual stimulus on retina)

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7
Q

what is the audition reference frame

A

head-centred (location of sound source with respect to ears)

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8
Q

what is the touch reference frameq

A

body-centred (location of tactile stimulus on skin)

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9
Q

do reference frames move independently or in sync

A

move independetly, meaning info they gather can be v. different
and body needs to convert between reference frames to external space (coordinate)

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10
Q

when converting from eye-centred reference frame to head-centred reference frame what do we need to know

A

orientation of eyes

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11
Q

when converting from head-centred reference frame to body-centred reference frame what do we need to know

A

orientation of head

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12
Q

what does converting btw/ reference frame in general require us to do

A

know position and orientation of body part = body schema

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13
Q

input coming in from 2 different sense (hear and see dog, if dog moves, representation moves in both frame). if dog is central, what is position of visual/auditory reference frame

A

visual (eye-centred) = dog in middle
audition (head-centred) = dog in middle

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14
Q

input coming in from 2 different sense (hear and see dog, if dog moves, representation moves in both frame). if dog moves, what is position of visual/auditory reference frame

A

visual (eye-centred) still straight as head hasn’t moved only eye has
audition - head hasn’t moved meaning dog no longer in centre of head-reference frame

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15
Q

input coming in from 2 different sense (hear and see dog, if dog moves, representation moves in both frame). if dog is central, but head moves what is position of visual and auditory reference frame

A

visual frame moves (looks away) = dog is no longer central
but still central for auditory

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16
Q

define body schema

A

internal representation of positions of body parts in space, which is updated during body movement
includes posture, spatial extensions
(at any given moment knows where all limbs are so doesn’t need visual input)

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17
Q

explain how body schema is spatially coded

A

position of each body part in external space

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18
Q

explain how body schema is modular

A

different body parts processed separately

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19
Q

explain how body schema is updated with movement

A

automated and “always on”

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20
Q

explain how body schema is adaptable

A

changes when body changes

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21
Q

explain how body schema is supramodel

A

combines input from multiple senses eg, proprioception, touch, vision, audition

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22
Q

explain how body schema is coherent

A

spatial continuity when resolving perceptual conflicts (everything that is part of body is always attached to body, never have feeling of arm not attached)

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23
Q

explain how body schema is interpersonal

A

observed actions are represented within same body schema = viewing someone elses actions, automatically represent this within own body schema to copy if we need

24
Q

compare body schema with body image

A

schema= sensorimotor representation guiding action and doesn’t require awareness
image= how you imagine your body, feel about it and consciously represent it

25
Q

name two bodily illusions

A

pinocchio illusion
rubber hand illusion

26
Q

what is pinocchio illusion

A
  1. vibrating bicep activates same receptor, make arms feel extended
  2. point to nose
  3. if arm extended then nose feels super long
27
Q

what is rubber hand illusion

A

ppt real hand hidden, stroke real and rubber simulataneously
ppt see and feel rubber hand = vision and touch undergo multisensory integration, showing us body schema can be modifiable

28
Q

outline crossmodel congruency in rubber hand experiment

A

larger in rubber hand than non, and virtual body effects suggest visual info about apparent hand position has objective and subjective cross-modal influence on tactile judgement even if vision conflicts with proprioception, but no effect if put in anatomically implausible posture
meaning visual info can dominate slightly wrong proprioception (but proprioception reduces impact of vision when visual info inconsistent with proprioception)

29
Q

what is location for neurons responding to visual and tactile stimulation (cortical)

A

ventral premotor cortex
parietal, ventral intraparietal
superior temporal sulcus

30
Q

what is location for neurons responding to visual and tactile stimulation (subcortical)

A

putamen, superior colliculus

31
Q

how can the impact of body posture on perception be studied

A

vibration on both hands in random order, ppt indicates which hand stimulated first
condition: arm crossed/un
found ppt mixed up what hand was stimulated when arm crossed = solving task doesn’t need input from body schema but body schema is always on, never off (this can be counterproductive)

32
Q

outline how cross-modal integration can be studied

A

ppt touch block with monitor on thumb/index, receive tactile stimulus, respond with location
visual distractor= light close to index/thumb buzz when happening but not always congruent
found quicker reaction in congruent>incongruent, suggesting congruency effect exist in both hands, cross modal integration and visual interference but greater effects for same hand

33
Q

is greater interference based on hand location (body schema) or visual field? how is this tested

A

arm-crossing (change body schema), tactile stimuli on same body side, visual on different
as we move arms, effect of visual distractor moves with hand during arm crossing
found body schema >visual repres mediates integration between visual and tactile stimulation = means cross-modal interactions mediated by body schema

34
Q

what occurs at 6 months for body schema development

A

body schema start intefere with tactile orientating
baby reach for foot if vibrated
cross/un feet, stimulate, see which baby thinks stimulated first
4 months can tell, but 6 month cannot

35
Q

name 3 disorders of the body schema

A

Alice in Wonderland syndrome
autotopagnosia
phantom limbs

36
Q

summarise alice in wonderland syndrome

A

distortion of size perception, microsomatognosia, macrosomatosognsia
affecting whole body

37
Q

define microsomatognosia (alice in wonderland syndrome)

A

body parts appear smaller

38
Q

define macrosomatognosia (alice in wonderland syndrome)

A

body part appear larger than its true size

39
Q

what is alice in wonderland syndrome associated with?

A

childhood
migraines, head trauma, viral encephalitis

40
Q

outline autotopagnosia

A

inability of locating body parts and loss of spatial unity of body
can name part but relative order lost

41
Q

what is finger agnosia

A

fused perception of fingers

42
Q

outline phantom limb

A

still feel limb, can include agency over limb (movement)
associate with pain
can change over size (shrink = telescoping)

43
Q

define cross-modal congruency effect

A

performance difference between incongruent vs congruent trial

44
Q

outline research into cross-modal congruency effect using visual lights near same/other hands

A

incongruent visual distractor delays tactile judgement, shows cross-modal congruency effect
is more pronounced for visual distractor near tactually stimulated hands and visual stimuli closest to current hand position produces largest effect on vibrotactile judgement = means combination of retinal visual stimulation and somatotopic vibrotactile stimulation produce largest remaps with postural changes

45
Q

what is a critical factor for spatial precueig

A

proximity of tactile and visual stimulus in external space

46
Q

outline visuotactile interactions in a patient with brain-damage, who can show spatial extinction

A

can detect single stimuli regardless if presented on same/different side of lesion
but if given 2 stimuli at same time then different side stimuli is extinguished, can also be observed crossmodally

47
Q

whats peripersonal space, and what happens to objects wihtin the area

A

immediately surrounding body
objects within peripersonal space can be immediately grasped/manipulated
extent not fixed, can contract and expand (encodes space outside body, incorporates tools into body schema)
allows us to figure out what tools we can currently use/manipulate

48
Q

outline tool use when extending our body

A

tool incorperated into our body schema, and neurons respond to stimuli at far end of tool

49
Q

apply cross-modal congruency effect to tool use

A

no crossing of body parts, only tools crossed
same delay effects as seen during arm crossing

50
Q

if tool held straight, what happen to cross-modal congruency effect

A

stronger
if in crossed position, larger
change in spatial nature of visuotactile interaction depend on experience in active use of tool

51
Q

what does extension of visual reference frames of multisensory neurons in tool use suggest

A

body schema extends along tools, due to multisensory coding of space by intraparietal neurons

52
Q

in research with right-hemisphere patients with cross-modal extinction of touch on left hand by concurrent visual event near right hand, what is found (regarding extintion)

A

extinction reduces with increased distance away from hand, and effect of using tool decreased with time

53
Q

what can prolonged tool manipulations linking visual events on right to left hand do

A

have opposite effect of decreasing competitive exctinction between visual event on right and left hand touch after right-hemisphere damage

54
Q

for mirror studies of tactile judgements, what cross-modal effects are found

A

larger cross-modal congruency effect from visual distractor found for mirror reflection of light near hand than further away but seen directly
applied even if light seen close to rubber hand or confed hand opposite mirror of ppt hand
suggest mirror reflection of lights near ppt hand recoded as originating from peripersonal space despite same optical properties as distant lights placed beyond mirro

55
Q
A

PSY2002 SEMESTER 1 (9 decks)

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