PSY2001 W4 Intention-Behaviour Gap Planning (L) Flashcards
What is meant by action planning?
Sniehotta et al., 2005
“the process of linking goal-directed behaviours to certain environmental cues by specifying when, where, and how to act”
What is meant by coping planning?
Sniehotta et al., 2005
involves identifying barriers that might derail intended actions and forming plans to manage or overcome them.
It is the “mental simulation of overcoming anticipated barriers to action”
What is meant by implementations intentions?
Goldwitzer
If situation Y arises, then I will initiate behaviour Z.
IF: a good opportunity to act (time/place [can be internal])
THEN: effective goal-directed response (initiate an action)
Does planning help people bridge the gap between intentions and behaviuors?
Yes. There is empirical evidence in support of the hypothesis that planning helps people to bridge the gap between intentions and behaviour and evidence on potential mechanisms
How do different types of planning promote goal achievement?
Action Planning - help plan the action that will be taken
Coping Planning - help overcoming obstacles
Implementation Intention - helps automaticies action
What is the health action process approach ?
HAPA, Schwarzer, 2008
Pre-intentional phase: motivational processes [action self efficacy <> outcome expectancies] >
Post-intentional phase: volitional processes [Volitional self-efficicy <>Action planning <> Coping planning] >
Behaviour [health behaviour]
What is the motivational process ?
Health action process approach (HAPA, Schwarzer, 2008)
positive processes that lead to intentions
What is the volitional processes?
Health action process approach (HAPA, Schwarzer, 2008)
Planning stage
What is the Rubicon Model of action phases?
Heckhausen, 1991; Heckhausen & Gollwitzer, 1987
1- Predecisional phase [intention, deliberate over which goal to pursue and form intention]
2- Preactional phase [implementation intentions, decide when, where and how to act]
3- Action phases [Behaviour]
4- Postactional phase [outcome evaluation against what was desired]
How are implementation intentions different to action and coping plans?
Implementation intentions take a contingent if-then format. Then (can specify an action)
IF (can specify a barriar)
Implementation intentions are a subtype of action/coping plans
Does the if-then format matter?
Yes the format is better adapted, increases likelihood of plans affectiveness
Oettingen et al. (Experiment 3, 2000)
If-Then format
Explain the experiment?
Oettingen et al. (Experiment 3, 2000)
Goal intention condition [i will perform as many arithemtic tasks as possible on wednesday at _ ]
Implementation intention condition [If it is Wednesday at _ I will perform as many arithmetic tasks as possible]
Results: The intention translated into behaviour quicker with implementation intention (100mins from intented start) =/= Goal intention (450 mins from intented start)
What evidence is there that planning promotes goal achievement?
Leventhal et al. 1965 - tetanus shot [8/9 students that took the shot where in the actional plan condition]
Rodda et al. 2020 - gambling
Listrom & Gollwitzer 2024 - meta analytic review of the effects of forming implementation intentions
Explain the research ?
Leventhal et al. 1965
Tetanus shot
Manipulated fear: High-fear condition (description of symtoms and images)
Action planning condition: location was described, time that shots were available were listed, precisely wehre to go and what to do to get a shot was indicated, map was presented, request made that each student review his weekly schedule to locate a time when he would pass by.
8/9 students that took the shot where in the actional plan condition.
Explain the research?
Rodda et al. 2020
glamblers
Problem Gambling severity index (Ferris & Wynne, 2001)
How much money are intending to spend today?
Assessment only - described their readiness to use strategies to limit their gambling spending that day
Assessment + action and coping planning - specified how, what, when they would implement thier strategy. Identified barrieres adn ways of addressing them and constructed an if then plan
How much did you spend today?
Control - moderate risk/problem gamblers intend to spend = actual spend
Intervention low risk intend = actual spend
low risk control intend to spend < actual spend
Intervention moderate/problem itend to spend < actual spend [but intend was much higher than every other condition]
What was found in the meta-analytic review?
Listrom & Gollwitzer 2024
Effects of forming implementation intentions.
k = 642
d+= .35 following adjustment for publication bias (95% CI: .31 to .38)
What was found in the meta-analysis
Zhang et al 2019
95 studies with 108 independent samples
Intention>Action Planning [Beta =.34]
Intention>Coping Planning [Beta = .24]
Action Planning>Health Behaviour [Beta =.09]
Coping Planning>Health Behaviour [Beta =.10]
What did Sniehotta et al. 2005 study?
Cardiac problems who had been advised to exercise
Intentions [I intend to exercise…]
Action Planning [I have made a detailed plan regarding … when/where/how/how often]
Coping Planning [I have made a detailed plan regarding what to do if something interferes…]
Behaviour [at 2 and 4 months after discharge]
2 months: Action Planning Beta 3 = .06 Beta 4 =.04
2 months: Coping Planning Beta 4 = .04
4 months: Action Planning Beta 3 = .10 Beta 4 -.02
4 months: Coping Planning Beta 4 = .20**
What is the mechanisms of action planning?
Assits individuals in identifying salient cues that lead to action. These cues then trigger the intended action. Helps peoople to get started?
What are the mechanisms of coping planning?
Help a person overcome obstacles adn to cope with difficulties by anticipating personal risk situations and planning coping responses in detail. Prevents goal striving being derailed by obstacles?
Do the mechanisms differ between action planning, coping planning, and implementation intentions?
Yes
What did Webb & Sheeran, 2004 found?
People more likely to count correctly if they have a plan (implementation intention) because people are perceptually read to encounter cues.
implementation intention condition = 4.2
Goal intention condition = 3.7
How do implementation intentions work?
Strong cue-repsonse linkage: by forming an if-then plan a strong association is forged between the opportunity and the intended response. When the situation is encountered the person does not need to deliberate about what to do. The intended response is initiated relatively automatically.
What did Aarts adn Dijksterhuis (2000) found?
Implementation Intentions (specify opportunity, specify response, link in if-then format) > Heightened cue accesibility > Strategic automaticy (quick and easily identified opportunities, responses ensure efficiently and without conscious deliberation but remain flexible and sensitve to the respective goal) > Goal achievement
Implementation intention > Strong cue-response links > Strategic automaticity > Goal achievement
What does the health action process approach differntiate?
2 types of planning that might help people to translate intentions into action
What does The Rubicon Model of Action Phases suggest?
a (distinct?) type of planning, known as ‘implementation intentions’
What are the three processes from the healt+A10:A33h actino process approach (HAPA, Schwarzer, 2008)
Motivational Volitional and behvaiour
What is the motivational processes (HAPA)
Positive processes that leads to intention
What is the volitional process in HAPA
Post intention (planning)
What is Action planning? - Sniehotta
is “the process of linking goal-directed behaviours to certain environmental cues by specifying when, where, and how to act”
What is Coping planning? (Sniehoota)
Coping planning involves identifying barriers that might derail intended actions and forming plans to manage or overcome them. It is the “mental simulation of overcoming anticipated barriers to actio
What is the phases in Rubicon Model of Actional phases ?
Predecisonal, Preactional, Action, Postactional Phase
What is the predecisonal phase Model of actional phases?
Intention - People deliberate over which goal to pursue and then form an intention
What is the preactional phase Model of actional phases?
Implementation Intentions - People decide when, where and how to act
What is the Action phase Model of actional phases?
Behaviour - Behaviour is initiated and maintained if necessarry
What is the postactional Phase of Model of actional phases?
Outcome is evaluated against what was desired
What is Implementation Intentions (Goldwitzer)?
If situation Y arise (component identifies a good opportunity to act) then I will initiate behaviour Z (component identifies an effective goal-directed response)
How are implementation intentions are different to action and coping plans?
Implementation intentions take a contingent if-then format. Implementation intentions are a subtype of action/coping plan
Does the if-then format matter?
It increase likelihood of plans affective, it helps better able to adapt
Expalin Leventhal et al 1965
Fear conditition and Actional plan condition, obersved 8/9 of students that ended up taking the shot (fulfilling goal) were in the action plan condition - effectiveness
Expalin Rodda et al. 2020
Gabbling how much you are going to spend (assessment only) and action and coping plan (how what and when they would implement their strategy, identified barriers)
What was Rodda’s conclustion
Forming action plans helped moderate gambles to spend less. Action plans were affective
What are some strenghts of Rodda’s study?
Great potential, field test, experimental, imperical
What are some limitations of Rodda’s study?
The differences were in people’s intentions (they were pre existed intentions)
what are some mechanisms of action planning
Assists individuals in identifying salient cues that lead to action. These cues then trigger the intended action. Helps people to get started?
What some mechanism of coping planning
Can help a person to overcome obstacles and to cope with difficulties by anticipating personal risk situations (i.e., situations that endanger the performance of intended behaviour) and planning coping responses in detail. Prevents goal striving being derailed by obstacles?
Explain Webb &Sheeran research (2004)
Goal intention condition, implementation intention condition : More likely to count correctly if they have a plan because people are perceptually read to encounter cues.
How do Implementation intentions Work?
Strong Cue-response linkages: by forming an if-then plan a strong association is forged between the opportunity and the intended resposne. The situation is encountered the perosn does not need to deliberate about what to do, instead the intended response initaled relevatly automatically
Explain sniehotta et al 2005
Action planning might help with starting but coping planning is good later, about maintain goal pursuit
What is Gollwitzer’s implementation intentions
Heightened cue accessibility (Goldwitzer)
What are Heightened cue accesibility?
By specifying a good opportunity in which to act, the mental representation of the situational cues associated with this opportunity become highly accessible. This means that people are ‘perceptually ready’ to encounter this situation
How are plan’s usuefull with cues?
because people are perceptually read to encounter cues.
Expalin Aarts and Dijksterhuis (2000)
Plan trave goals and plan how to fix puncture -
What is strategic automaticity
opportunies are quickly and easily identifies, responses ensure effciently and wihtout conscious deliberation but remain flexbile and senstive to the respective goal
Cohen r
small = 0.1
medium 0.3
large 0.5
