PSY2001 W2 Organisation Psychology (L) Flashcards
What are the implications of mental health in the workplace?
They can negatively and positevely affect the workplace (performance, turnover, absteniesuum ect.)
What are occupational stress models?
Models explaining stress and it’s impact and link to workplaces and occupation
How can you apply occupational stress models to the workplace?
They help understand where interventions should target and what causes stress and the consequences of stress.
What are some strategies for preventing mental health issues at work?
Leadership training, balancing work-life (paid leave for mental health etc.) compensation etc.
What are common methodolgoies used in the workplace with the focus on implication?
training, organisational change
What is important in the workplace?
Honesty and openness
How many adults experience a diagnosable mental health condition each year?
21% of adults
What is the most common mental health condition in the working population?
Depression and anxiety
How many employees experience significant metnal health problems each year?
1 in 4 employees
How much disability costs are related to mental health conditions in most organisations?
60-70% of disability costs
What is the continuum of mental health?
It is a spectrum of mental illness to health.
What characterizes burnout?
Emotional exhaustion, cynicism and detachment due to prolonged workplace stress.
What is burnout associated with ?
Decreased job performance
Higher absenteeism
Turnover
What does burnout lead to?
Interpersonal conflicts with colleagues and supervisors.
What does the World Health Organisation
Classified as an oocupational phenomenon
What does poor mental health reduce in the Workplace?
Reduces productivity, safety, job performance, job satisfaction, job commitment and reputation
What does poor mental health increase in the workplace?
Abstenteeism, presenteeism, turnover, long-term disability, interpersonal conflict and physical illness/sickness
What is Abstenteeism?
Sick Leave
What is presenteeism?
Going to work but not being productive, linked to fear of leaving job
What is depersonalisation?
Isolation of yourself from coworkers and friends and family
What is physical fatigue?
Bodies reaction to burnout, stress affects our bodies response
What is cognitive weariness?
Tension; overloaded with lots of tasks to do, they are unfocused which affects performance.
What is a contextual issues?
Burnout cycle
The work is the cause of burnout
What is the context?
Burnout cycle
culture systematic and environmental stressors.
What is the difference between burnout and depression?
Burnout is specific to work and depression is more generalized as a problem.
What is the Context?
Occupational Burnout
work-related stress
What is the context?
Depression
clinical mental health condition
What are the symptoms?
Occupational Burnout
Emotional exhaustion, cynicism, reduced professional efficacy
What are the symptoms?
Persistent sadness, loss of interest, significant weight change, sleep issues, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, thoughts of suicide.
What is the impact ?
Occupational Burnout
Primarly affects professional life
What is the impact?
Depression
Affects all areas of life
What is the reversibility?
Occupational Burnout
often reversible with changes in work conditions.
What is the reversibility ?
Depression
Requires medical or psychological intervention
What is the treatment
Occupational Burnout
Stress management, workplace interventions, improved work-life balance
What is the treatment?
Depression
Therapy, medication, lifestyle changes
What is strain/distress?
Refers to a prolonged state of distress and tensioin due to ongoing stressors such as job demands an dpoor work-life balance
What are the symptoms?
Strain/Distress
fatigue, poor sleep quality, decreased performance and anxiety
What is strain often linked to?
High job demands with limited resources and contributes to mental health deterioration
Where does burnout and strain fit within the mental health continuum?
Injured or struggling state
What are four occupatinal stress models?
Transactional Stress Model (Lazarus et al. 1984), Conservation of Resources Theory (Hobfoll, 1989), Job Demands-Resources Thoery (Karasek, 1979) and Allostac Load Model (McEwen, 1998)
How is stress understood ?
Transactional Stress Model (Lazarus et al., 1984)
Stress is a result of an individual’s appraisalof stressors and their ability to cope
How is stress understood?
Conservation of Resources Theory (Hobfoll, 1989)
Stress occurs when valuable resources are threatened or lost
How is stress understood?
Job Demands-Resources Theory (Karasek, 1979)
High job demands lead to strain, while job resources help cope with stress
How is stress understood?
Allostatic Load Model (McEwen, 1998)
Chronic stress leads to dysregulation fo bodily systems, increasing health risks.
What are job demands?
Job Demands-Resources Theory (Karasek, 1979)
Physical, psychological, social or organisational aspects of a job that require sustained effort adn are associated with physiological and psychological costs (high workload, time pressure, and emotionally demanding interactions)
What are job resources?
(Job Deamnds-resources Thoery (Karasek, 1979)
Aspects of the ob that help employess meet their job demands, reduce stress, promote personal growth
Autonomy, support from colleagues or supervisors, feedback and opportunites for development
Job resources can buffer the impact of job demands on stress, promote engagement, and improve wellbeing
What are the causes and consequences of stress?
Job demands and Job resource»_space; Impact on personal life and work life
How is the workplace a resource?
Work fulfilment, leadership, meaning, support, control and autonomy
What is work-life balance?
In the workplace
providing employees with flexibility and resources that allow them to manage their life demands outside of work
What is recognition?
In the workplace
Acknowledging employee achievements through monetary and nonmonetary rewards
Strategies
Work-life balance
paid time-off for mental health, healthcare appointments, bereavement, fewible work arrangemnt or telecommuting, assitance with child/eldercare
Strategies
Recognition
Monetary comensation (performance-based bonuses) Formal, non-monetary recognition. Informal nonmonetary recognition
What is employee involvement?
In the workplace
empowering employees to be part of decision making and to be creative and providing them autonomy.
Strategies
Employee involvement
Self-managed work team. Shared leadership model such as rotating meeting chairs regularly. Soliciting employee feedback and input such as through an anonymous feedback system. Creating task forces to solve problems.
What is Growth and development
In the workplace
Providing opportunities for employees to increase theri skills and competencies adn to apply them to work
Strategies
Growth and Development
Offering opportunities for professional development or cross-training. Tuition reimbursement. Offering mentorship and coaching. Career advancement opportunities.
What is health and safety
In the workplace
promoting physical and psychological health and safety of employees through prevention, assessment and treatment of health risks and by encouraging healthy and safe behaviours.
Strategies
Health and Safety
policies to protect workers, healthy food options at work. Offering walking clubs, fitness facilities or wellness courses. Providing a healthy work environment. Offering standing desks or walking meetings
What are the signs of struggle?
Emotional distress, withdrawal, attendance change, performance reduction, extreme behaviours
What is the managers role?
Recognising and addressing the signs of struggle, providing support and resources.
What are the aims of workplace mental health programmes?
Mental health intervention typically aim to empower workers by increasing access to resource.
What does Mental health literacy training improve?
Mental health literacy training can reduce stigma and improve social support in the workplace.
What are prevention programs?
programs in place to prevent possible issues to happen. Designed in proactive ways with employees, environmental factors.
Accomodation Program
More at an individual level, support. Accommodation takes the form of workplace programs and policies designed to provide support for employees who are experiencing significant compromise. Easier and cheaper intervention. Such programs typically include stay-at-work and return to work plans.
What is the IGLO Model (Nielsen et al. 2018) linked to ?
Return to work plans
What does Nielsen et al (2013) propose for organisational changes?
Different steps that need to happen to be able to work with employers.
Communication [with leaders and employees]
Employee Participation
What are the different stages?
Organisational change (Nielsen et al. 2013)
1- Preparation/Readiness for Change
2- Planning and Designing the Change
3- Implementation/Execution of Change
4- Evaluation/Monitoring of Change
5- Sustaining and Embedding the Change
6- Reflection and Learning
1- Preparation/Readiness for Change
Organisational Change (Nielsen et al. 2013)
Objective: identify the need for change and create awarenss.
Elements: Leadership communication the vision for change: employees are iformed about why change is necessary. Building readiness and preapring boht the organisational structure and employees are critical.
Focus: Employee participation during this phase to reduce uncertainty and resistance
2- Planning and Designing the Change
Organisational Change (Neilsen et al. 2013)
Objective: Develop a detailed plan for implementing the change
Elements:Establish goals, timelines, allocate resource, involvement of employees in the planning process can enhance commitment.
Focus: Nielsen advocates for employee involvement in the designe phase to ensure theri concerns are adressed and increase buy-in, promote a sense of ownership over the change
3- Implementation/Execution of Change
Organisational Change (Nielsen et al. 2013)
Objetives: Implement the planned changes
Elements: putting the hange into action, clear communication and monitoring, managing any resistence or issues that arise
Focus: support employee well-being during implementation. Minizing stress adn ensuring employees have the necessary resources, training and support during period of change
4- Evaluation/Monitoring of Change
Organisational chnage (Nielsen et al. 2013)
Objective: assess the impact of change
Element: collect feedback and analyse wether the change is meeting the goals set out during the planning phase, ensuring that any negative impact on employee wellbeing are adressed.
Focus: Nielsen emphasises the importance of evaluating both the effectiveness of the change and its impact on employees’ mental health and job satisfaction. Her work highlights the need for continuous monitoring of employee well-being during organisational transitions
5- Sustaining and Embedding the Change
Organisational Change (Nielsen et al. 2013)
Objective: ensure the change is fully integrated into the organisation
Element: making adjustments based on feedback, ensuring long-term sustainability and embedding the change into organisational culture.
Focus: Nielsen advocates for embedding a culture of openness and continued employee participation ensuring the employees feel supported in the long term
6- Reflection and Learning
Organisational Change (Nielsen et al. 2013)
Objective: reflect on what went well and what didn’t, to learn for future change initiatives
Elements: organisations should document lessons learned and apply them in future change efforts.
Focus: Learning from the change process, particularly from an employee well-being perspective, is important. Organisations should assess the psychological impact on employees and consider how future changes can be implemented more smoothly
What are Nielsen’s Key Themes?
Employee particiaption, mentla health and well-being, tailoring interventions
What is employee particiaption?
Nielsen
Involving employees throughout the change process is essential for reducing resistence, enhancing engagement and forstering a sense of control
What is the theme of mental health and Well-being?
Nielsen
organisational changes can increase employee stress and negatively impact mental health if not managed properly, making employee well-being a core consideration
What is tailoring interventions?
Nielsen
that change management interventions should be adapted to the specific context of the organisation, with a flexibility approach to ensure the best outcomes for both the organisation and its employees
What does experiemntal research involve?
Workplace
testing the effects of specific interventions on workplace outcomes by manipulatin gvariables and comparing results across control adn experimental groups
What are pre-post test desgins
Measuring outcomes before and after the intervention
What are the key outcomes ?
Organisational psychology
Employee Well-being, productivity, job satisfaction, organisational outcomes
What are some types of interventions?
Workplace
Mindfulness-based syress reduction (MBSR), Leadership training programmes, flexible work arrangements
What are mindfulness-based stress reduction interventions?
studies showing reduced stress and improved employee well-being in high-pressure environments
What are Leadership Training Programmes?
studies testing the impact of leadership styles on employee engagement and performance
What are Flexible Work Arrangements?
studies on remote or hybrid work impacting job satisfaction and productivity
What are some benefits of experimental research?
Causal relationshis (establishing direct links between interventions adn outcomes)
Evidence based practice (providing strong, actionable insights for improving workplace policies)
What are some challenges in experimental workplace research?
Ethical considerations (informed consent, balancing organisational and employee needs)
Practical constraints (difficulties with random assignment, controlling for external factors, maintaining partcipant engagement over time)
Generalisability
What are some implications of organisational psychology?
Multidisciplinary approaches (integrate mental health)
Examine moderators of relationships between work varaibles and mental health variables
Develop and evaluae intervention strategies promoting mental health
Identify boundary conditions of mental health interventions strategies
Conduct research using thoery driven and application focused appraoches
What are some legal and ethical consideration?
Anti-discrimination law (Equality Act 2010), requirements for reasonable accommodations.
Ethical considerations: balancing organisational needs with employee well-being, maintaining confidentiality.
What are some implication for practice?
Evidence-based
Organisations should adopt interventions that have been proven effective, such as cognitive-behavioural therapy, mindfulness programs & resilience training.
What are some implications for practice?
Organisational recommendations
Mental health climate, supportive supervision, meaningful work opportunities.
What are importance for supporting employees’ mental health ?
Effective prevention, intervention, and accommodation strategies
What plays plays an important role in fostering a positive mental health climate?
Leadership
