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PSY > PSY200 - Exam 1 > Flashcards

PSY200 - Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory Memory Duration

A

Iconic <10 seconds

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2
Q

Sensory Memory Capacity

A

Seems large but rapidly decays over time.

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3
Q

Sensory Memory Encoding

A

Same form as stimuli:
Visual in visual format
Sound in sound format

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4
Q

STM Duration

A

Fades within 20 seconds.

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5
Q

STM Capacity

A

Verbal 7 +- 2 items.

Visual 4 items.

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6
Q

STM Encoding

A

Can be visual/spatial/phonological items in the same code.

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7
Q

Sparling Experiments

A

Sensory Memory
Whole report showed 3-4 item ability.
Partial report with tones showed about a 9 item ability.

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8
Q

Modal Model of Memory

A

Incoming info goes to sensory memory then to short term where rehearsal allows maintenance. From STM, memories may be lost/sent to LTM where they may be retrieved again to the STM.

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9
Q

Baddeley model

A

Working Memory

Articulatory suppression diminishes ability to rehearse. (sharing of resources)

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10
Q

Span Tasks

A

Measure working memory’s number storage capacity.
Memory span is the longest list of items that a person can repeat back in correct order immediately after presentation on 50% of all trials.
Also common measure of STM.

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11
Q

Chunking

A

More info for the same number of items.

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12
Q

LTM Encoding

A

Long encoding time, the stimulus together with its context but physical stimulus is lost.

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13
Q

Emotion Memory

A

Emotion leads to more epinephrine which releases more glucose which leads to better memory.
High confidence
High accuracy
Higher vividness

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14
Q

Eyewitness Memory

A

Confidence varies but is easily made concrete if suggested.
Accuracy also varies.
Vividness depends on danger of the situation.

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15
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

Highly emotion/personal.
High confidence
Not necessarily very accurate
Really vivid

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16
Q

Eyewitness Testimony Errors

A

Reduce by:
Using sequential lineups
Not giving feedback to witnesses
Having similar subjects in lineup
Not telling officer conducting lineup who suspect is.
Asking witness directly after about his/her confidence
Tell witness that perp may not be in lineup

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17
Q

Misinformation Effects

A

Occur because of:
Overlap in related concepts
Situational expectations
Information added after the event

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18
Q

False Memories in Children

A

Children 3-6 more vulnerable to accepting a false memory as truth than older children or adults when the memories are distinctive but not with indistinctive memories.

19
Q

False Memories in Adults

A

Adults were more confident in both distinctive and indistinctive memories when young children were only confident with distinctive memories.

20
Q

Roediger McDermott task (DRM)

A

False Memory
Gives a list of words that relate to one word that they never see. Then asked to repeat words back. Will say the word that related but was never given.
Like bread schema in class.

21
Q

Repressed Memories

A

Imagining an event that never happened can result in memory implantation.

22
Q

Hippocampal activity with real/false memories

A

Exactly the same for both.

23
Q

Typicality Effect

A

Reaction time higher when “a ___ is a bird” filled in by prototypical item than atypical item.
Robin vs. ostrich.

24
Q

Family Resemblance/Graded Resemblance

A

Prototype/exemplar theories assume family resemblance. But not all categories have family resemblance.
So here, categorization can occur based on theories of the underlying properties of exemplars.

25
Q

Sentence Verification Task

A

“Is a penguin a bird?”

26
Q

Definitional Theory

A

Objects that meet a particular set of criteria are placed in a category.
Typicality effect has prototypical item also.

27
Q

Prototype Theory

A

Store a prototype of the category - average of all the members of the category.
Prototype is a prototype so typicality effect.

28
Q

Exemplar Theory

A

Within each category is each example that you have encountered which is categorized by comparing whatever example you have that comes easily to mind.
Faster at classifying things that are more like the exemplars you have seen, so explains typicality effect.

29
Q

Subordinate

A

Most specific: a poodle is a type of dog which is a type of animal.

30
Q

Basic

A

Middling amount of specificity, but most info. A dog is an animal.

31
Q

Superordinate

A

Most general, least specific. Animal.

32
Q

Semantic Model

A

Spreading Activation
Nodes: individual concepts (represented by clusters of features)
Concepts arranged in hierarchy with more general concepts on top and more specific concepts underneath.

33
Q

Connectionist Approach

A

Network of nodes is a concept rather than one node.
Distributed activity of many units represents knowledge.
Weights determine at each connection how strongly an incoming signal will activate the next unit.
Network responds to stimulus, provided with correct response, modifies responding to match correct response.
Error signal is the difference between actual activity of each output unit and the correct activity.

34
Q

Back-propagation

A

Error signal transmitted back through the circuit to indicate how weights should be changed to allow the output signal to match the correct signal.

35
Q

Episodic LTM

A

Autobiographical events that can be explicitly stated. The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time/place.

36
Q

Semantic LTM

A

Memories of facts, concepts, names and other general knowledge acquired of a lifetime.

37
Q

Mnemonic strategies

A

Self-reference effect: tendency for people to have an enhanced memory for any tumuli that relates to themselves.

38
Q

Levels of Processing

A

Shallow Processing has structural (appearance) and phonemic (sound) encoding.
Deep Processing: involves semantic processing, which happens when encoding meaning of a word while relating it to another word with similar meaning.

39
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Loss of memory for events after a neurological disturbance.

40
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

All memories are not lost, but loss of some memories before accident occurs.
More distant memories are more likely to stay.

41
Q

Consolidation

A

Processes of stabilizing a memory after initial acquisition.

42
Q

Long-term Potentiation

A

A synapse increases in strength as increasing numbers of signals are transmitted between the two neurons.
Potentiation is process where synchronous firing of neurons makes them more inclined to fire together int he future.

43
Q

Double Dissociation

A

When two related mental processes are shown to function independently of each other.
Information that you have to consciously work to remember is known as explicitly memory.
Information that you remember unconsciously and effortlessly is known as implicit memory.

PSY (25 decks)

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