PSY1001 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 9

Question 1

define leadership

Answer 1

process of social influence through which individual enlist, mobilise aid of others in attainment of collective goals

Question 2

where can leadership be applied

Answer 2

CEO, sports, politicians, activist

Question 3

what is NOT leadership

Answer 3

social influence, conformity to norms, exercise of power, group>interpersonal process

Question 4

name determinants making a successful leader (personality and situational)

Answer 4

personality- unique personality trait, leadership style (but if this was the only contribution then leaders would be successful forever which is not case)
situational- can anyone be effective leader in right situation

Question 4

what is interactionist perspective on leadership

Answer 4

both personality, leadership style and situation if right can result in successful leader

Question 5

are leaders born? (evidence)

Answer 5

more confident, attractive, talkative, extroverted, open but weak correlation with inconsistencies (0.2-0.3)

Question 6

describe links between dark triad of personality, and leadership

Answer 6

narcissism, psychopathy, machiavellianism- indifference to morality
autocratic leaders score higher

Question 7

outline autocratic leader

Answer 7

liked less
aggressive, dependent self orientated atmosphere
high productivity when present, low when absent

remain aloof and give out orders, focus on organising activity

Question 8

outline democratic leadership styles

Answer 8

liked more
friendly, task orientated, group centred atmosphere
high productivity
hands on, discuss with members, part of decision-making

Question 9

outline laissez-faire leadership styles

Answer 9

liked less
friendly, group centred, play orientated atmosphere
low productivity but increase in absence

little interest in activity, leave group to organise/complete

Question 10

outline 2 type of leadership

Answer 10

task-focused and socioemotional

Question 11

what is task-focused leadership

Answer 11

concerned with achieving aims and goals of group by focusing on tasks needed to achieve those goals

Question 12

what is socioemotional leadership

Answer 12

concerned with group dynamics and ensuring that group members form cohesive and friendly group

Question 13

explain Fields contingency theory

Answer 13

effectiveness of leader contingent on matching styles/situ
situational controls determined by
1. quality of leader-member relations
2. clarity of structure of task
3. legitimacy of leaders authority

Question 14

what does least preferred co-worker scale measure (contingency theory), including control level

Answer 14

leadership styles
rated pos = socioemotional
rated neg = task-orientated

low control= group need guidance, less time building rel, task-orientated
moderate control= leader is not in full control, unclear task structure, relationships-orientated
high control= leader-member rel positive, leader focus on achieving goals- task orientated

Question 15

evaluate contingency theory

Answer 15

support from empirical evidence
leadership styles seen as stable, so not consistent with varying personality/style, low test-retest LPC score
ability to train leader to adopt different style
focus on high/low LPC scores, ignoring midde who may not be most effective leaders despite situational control

Question 16

define glass ceiling

Answer 16

underrepresentation of women/minorities in leadership positions, representing invisible and systemic barriers

Question 17

define glass cliff

Answer 17

women are appointed in leadership when companies are in a risky situation

Question 18

glass cliff explanation- describe gender based stereotypes

Answer 18

think manager think male
Scheins Descriptive Index rate traits characteristic of men matching companies success (decisive, dominant, hide emotion)
think crisis think female
rated understanding, modest, sympathetic, sentimental, intuition

and rated better at handling crisis

Question 19

what type of company leadership role is associated with male/female characteristics in a crisis

Answer 19

managerial role active (turn performance around) or passive (take responsibilities)
and women seen as passive

Question 20

define prejudice

Answer 20

negative evaluation of social group or individuals significantly based on individuals group membership

Question 21

describe experimental evidence for glass cliff effects

Answer 21

given vignette on companies performance, and select most suitable candidate, rate traits
ranked women suitable and more likely for selection than men in time of crisis

Question 22

give evidence for racial minority glass cliff in politics, business, and sport

Answer 22

ethnic minorities overrepresented in constituencies with hard to win seat
more likely to be promoted to CEO in failed companies
more likely to be promoted to losing team but replaced with white coaches if unsuccessful

Question 23

what can appointing women or racial minorities signal for changes

Answer 23

when failing, shift away from past idea to take a new approach