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PSY1001 SEMESTER 2 > PSY1001 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 1 > Flashcards

PSY1001 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are emotions?

A

display of feelings that are evoked when important event happens, relatively brief and occur in response to event (little agreement on set definitions

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2
Q

how are emotions distinct from moods

A

mood is longer lasting, unable to be attributed to specific events or stimulus

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3
Q

what is latin background for emotions

A

“to move” and “to stir up”

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4
Q

what do many past definitions for emotion include

A

links perception, bodily responses or change. most recent (Keltner et al, 2013) includes our challenges and opportunities such as social goals
overall, links to internal states and take into account psychological response to specific stimulus

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5
Q

define affect

A

any mental state involving an evaluate relationship with environment. important categories of emotions and mood

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6
Q

define emotion (as subsection of affect)

A

usually relatively intense and short-lived affective condition which involves taking an evaluative position with respect to an intentional object (eg: anger, disgust)

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7
Q

define mood (as subsection of affect)

A

less intense, longer lasting affective state not direction on any specific object, reflecting more diffuse and generalised evaluative processes (eg; calm, tense)

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8
Q

whats affective well-being

A

generalised evaluative of affect that is more enduring than mood. severely impaired affective wellbeing is feature of affective disorders - depression, anxiety

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9
Q

give 3 emotional components

A

reaction to stimulus, appraisal, organisation of responsee

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10
Q

explain reaction to stimulus (emotional component)

A

physiological response attentional orientation

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11
Q

explain appraisal (emotional component)

A

relevance to goals, evaluation of meaning

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12
Q

explain organisation of response (emotional component)

A

overt actions, facial expressions

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13
Q

name 2 main models for how emotions relate to one another

A

discrete/categorical, and dimensional

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14
Q

outline discrete (categorical) model for emotions

A

sets of basic and fundamental emotions which are innate, universally irreducible (which is why they are basic). correspond to specific neurophysiological systems. facial expression of emotion is universally recognisable, and number of basic emotion vary

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15
Q

what are some basic emotions included in the discrete model, according to Ekman, or Plutchik

A

Ekman (1973): 6 basic emotions which are now seen as 7
Plutchik (1980): also included acceptance/trust, and expectancy/anticipation

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16
Q

how did Ekman find evidence for basic emotions (discrete models)

A

South Fore Tribe (New Guinea), never exposed to western culture, asked ppts to imagine specific sutuations and videotaped emotions, 86% accurately identified by US students
recently replicated in UK, US (2010)

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17
Q

give 3 evaluative points against basic emotion (criticisms of discrete theory)

A
  1. facial expression doesn’t reflect emotion but is social tools for communication (can smile when sad)
  2. context where emotion showed important
  3. universality in facial expression of valence of emotion chosen (positive/negative) but less in individual basic emotion (fear/anger) in Himba tribe
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18
Q

explain Circumplex model of affect (dimension model of emotion)

A

emotion arises from 2 dimensions = pleasure and arousal (instead of many separate and discrete emotions)
each emotion is linear combination of these 2 dimension

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19
Q

according to circumplex model of affect (dimensional emotional model) what is happiness and anxiety?

A

happiness = high pleasure and moderate arousal
anxiety = low pleasure and high arousal

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20
Q

define Darwins theory of emotion

A

emotion is innate, unlearned, biological response consisting of complex set of movements

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21
Q

how did Darwin believe emotion envolved

A

allows humans and animals to survive, and reproduce
feelings of fear = fight/flight
feelings of love = seek mates & reproduce

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22
Q

In Darwins theory of emotion, why is emotion expression universal, and why is understanding other species emotion important?

A

emotion expressions are consistent within and across species (universal)
understanding other species emotion allows safety and survival = understand if animal is defensive, if interactions will threaten survival

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23
Q

define James-Lange emotions theory

A

emotions are experience of sets of bodily changes that occur in response to emotive cues in world

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24
Q

outline how the James-Lange emotion theory works

A
  1. emotion producing situation elicits an appropriate set of physiological response (tremble, sweat) and behaviours (clench fist)
  2. brain receives sensory feedback from muscles and organs producing these responses
  3. feelings of emotion results from this feedback
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25
Q

apply James-Lange to meeting a bear

A

meet bear, you run, interpret run as fear

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26
Q

give critical evaluating points of James-Lange, from Cannon (1927; 1931)

A

-autonomic activity doesn’t differentiate all emotion states
-same bodily changes occur in non-emotional states such as fever, exposure to cold
-separating organs from brain in animals doesn’t impair emotion behaviour
-body changes too slow to be a source of emotive feeling (sweat production takes while)
-artificial activation of body insufficient to generate emotion (increased adrenaline to increase individuals HR)

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27
Q

outline Cannon-Bard thalamic theory of emotion

A

hypothalamus are involved in emotional response to stimuli
physiological change in body, subjective emotive experience occurs simultaneously
response inhibited by neocortical regions, and removing cortex allow uncontrolled emotive displays (sham rage)

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28
Q

how is decortication, or lesion studies/sham rage support Cannon-Bard thalamic theory of emotion

A

decorticated cat shows sham rage (an inappropriate anger outburst)
lesions (Phineas Gage) to prefrontal cortexes show problem to emotional processing
given that removing cortex doesn’t eliminate emotion, undermines James-Lange theory

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29
Q

what is Schachter and Singer’s theory of emotion?

A

physiological arousal alone doesn’t explain all emotional reactions, and can be interpreted as any emotion= requires cognitive assessment to determine whether state of arousal corresponds to anger/fear/etc
emotion is determined from both perception of physiological response, and cognitive appraisals

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30
Q

outline Schachter & Singer research study (1962) with adrenaline injection

A

ppts told received vitamin (was actually adrenaline/or placebo)
4 conditions:
anger provoking situ, neutral situ, either informed about potential side effects/not
those informed reported less anger due to appraisal of physiological response determined emotion (attributing side effect to jab)

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31
Q

outline how suspension bridge study supports Schachter-Singer

A

male ppt more likely to contact researcher following suspension bridge, due to attributing arousal to attractions

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32
Q

define appraisal

A

emotions extracted from our evaluations of event causing specific reaction

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33
Q

name 5 social factors which implicate emotion (Parkinson & Manstead, 2015) - with examples

A

1.objects which emotion directed to has social directions (anger to someone who insulted us)
2. emotion appraisal depend on social factor (insult taken more seriously if others show shock)
3. emotion affects others (your anger leads to counter angers)
4. emotions elicit social emotional sharing (share with others)
5. regulate emotion due to impacts on others (anger suppressed to maintain a positive relationship)

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34
Q

define emotion contagion

A

tendency to automatically mimic and synchronise expression, vocalisation, postures and movements with those of another person and, consequently to converge emotionally

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35
Q

name 2 functions for emotion contagions

A

enable emotional understanding and identification with others
provide proto-organising state that enables or prevents cooperative responses

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36
Q

provide evidence for emotion contagion in the home - Joiner (1994)

A

living with a depressed individual more likely to become depressed themselves

37
Q

provide evidence for emotion contagion in the workplace - Totterdell et al (2004)

A

looked at spread of affect in employee networks in 2 organisations. found employees affect could be predicted from weighted average of everyone else in network

38
Q

provide evidence for emotion contagion in the community - Fowler and Christakis (2008)

A

conducted a 20 year community study of 4739 people, found individuals happiness relates to those they connected to (even in indirect connections)

39
Q

how can emotion contagion also be shown through social networks (not limited to face to face)

A

Kramer, Guillory & Hancock (2014)- manipulated emotive content on facebook. when positive expression reduced, individual post less positive posts. when negative expression reduced, individual posts less negative posts.
Coviello et al (2014)- seeing rainfall on facebook influenced emotional content of a user status message (direct influence) and emotional content of status message of friends in cities where no rain! (indirect influence)

40
Q

state the 2 mechanisms of emotion contagion

A

reactive and inferential

41
Q

outline the reactive mechanism of emotion contagion

A

automatic processes that occur without awareness (eg; motor mimicry), also known as primitive emotional contagion

42
Q

outline inferential mechanism of emotion contagion

A

conscious processes that occur through social appraisal of other peoples emotions or by social comparison (eg; my friends seem happy, perhaps I am too)

43
Q

what is motor mimicry (primitive emotion contagion)

A

perception of behaviour enough to make others behave same, automatic mimic gestures (eg; yawning)
- emotions communicated through unintentional imitaiton of expressive gestures, followed by facial feedback and resulting in emotion contagion

44
Q

define primitive emotion contagion

A

mimicry and interoceptive feedback from facial expressions

45
Q

what is primitive emotion contagion feedback hypothesis

A

2 mechansism:
1. cognitive: people make inferences about what they are feeling based on their facial expression
2. physiological: physical position of muscle in face can influence emotion

46
Q

what study led to the primitive emotion contagion feedback hypothesis (Stack, Martin, Stepper - 1988)

A

ppt grip pen inbetween teeth/lips whilst watching video = rating video funnier when inbetween teeth (smiling)

47
Q

provide critical evaluations of primitive emotion contagion

A
  • in Stacks study, only one positive emotions measured (difference shown due to relative comfort/pleasantness of specific facial position?)
  • recent studies didnt replicate result
  • effect sizes for facial feedback too small to explain large contagions
  • influenced by individual susceptibility to contagion
48
Q

explain the influence of social appraisal in emotion contagion

A

physical expression mimicry isn’t needed, and emotion contagion also occurs via inferential processes (social appraisals) when we understand implications of other peoples emotive expressions which affects our appraisal of same object/event
eg: less amused by potentially offensive joke if others look upset

49
Q

give resarch into the influence of social appraisals on emotion contagion

A

ppts who see others expressing regret over decisions of fairness in resource-allocations anticipate regret too

50
Q

why are social appraisals social processes

A

appraisals assess relevance of what is happening for social as well as personal identities - events concerning our social group affect us emotionally

51
Q

explain how emotion can influence our behaviour (emotions as social information model - EASI)

A

emotional expression provides info to observer which infleunces behaviours via observer inferences and non-inferential affective reactions
these processes either converge/compete, depend on observers info processing and relational factors (eg; cultural norms, expressive method)

52
Q

what are observer inferences in EASI model

A

observers infer info about others feelings, attitudes, intentions based on their emotive expressions, use this as evidence of how they should act

53
Q

what are non-inferential affective reactions in EASI model

A

emotions may spread directly from expressor to observer via emotion contagion processes=
1. emotion contagion
2. embodied response
3. emotional forms of empathy

54
Q

in EASI model, how do we decide which route to take

A
  • depth of info processing = more resource demanding process is likely if individual has enough cognitive resource
  • perceived appropriateness of others emotion = if appropriate has more direct consistent inferential implications
55
Q

what is reverse appraisal

A

drawing on knowledge of appraisal-emotion associations to make inference on others appraisal, in turn influencing own appraisal, emotion, behaviour

56
Q

explain prisoner dilemma games in reverse appraisal

A

if others express anger, ppts infer they’re dissatisfied, direct blame externally as believe other play unliklely to cooperate, so ppt less likely to cooperate themselves (imply interpersonal effect of facial expression can also be context dependent)

57
Q

explain gaze-cued appraisal

A

someone elses gaze directs attention towards an environmental object
- emotion associated with patterns of gaze toward/away from object has direct effect on others by influencing attention

58
Q

explain research evidence of gaze-cued appraisal

A

disgust faces associated with visual stimuli led to less positive evaluations, only if eyes directed toward than away. anger faces gazing at a fear face makes more likely ppt labels target faces as fear (easier to interpret emotive meanings if given in plausible interpersonal context)

59
Q

explain embodied processes

A

perception of someone elses expressive behaviour directly activate brain region used for expressions instead of during perception, without needing expression itself to make signal

60
Q

define social sharing of emotion

A

when individuals communicate openly with one or more persons about circumstances of emotion eliciting event and about their own feelings and emotional reaction

61
Q

when does social sharing occur, how often

A

shortly following an emotive eliciting event, repetitive, is shared with multiple people

62
Q

what affects frequency of emotion social sharings

A

valence (positive/negative) or type of basic emotion does not impact, but more intense emotion are shared more

63
Q

what does social sharing of emotions lead to with other

A

interpersonal dynamic (similar to self disclosure) and serves to
1. strengthen social bond between individuals (those sharing are liked more)
2. distribute some info on important event in a community (sharing anger to let others know about significant events)

64
Q

explain social motive of emotion regulating when down-regulating positive emotion

A

social norms of expressions in social contexts may not be appropriate (parent feels need to show anger when disciplining child)

65
Q

outline social motive of intrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation

A

interacting with others in order to improve own emotions, as might happen when sharing emotions or seeking company when feeling anxiety

66
Q

explain extrinsic formulations of interpersonal emotion regulation

A

doing things to change others emotion, involving intrapersonal/intrinsic interpersonal emotion regulation as happens when we try to contain our own anxieties to reduce friend anxiety

67
Q

explain self-report scales for measuring emotion

A

most common is Basic Emotions Scale
number of item per dimension of effect (increase reliability)
response format- choose timescale, and nature of experience
can also use face (less culture-specific, but more ambigious or restricted like emoji)

68
Q

give issues of self-report scales for measuring emotion

A

requires self-awareness, and undersanding of emotion
only captures point in time
social desirability (less reporting negative emotions)
alexithymia

69
Q

whats alexithymia

A

deficiency in processing and understanding of emotions

70
Q

explain diary studies method for measuring emotions

A

emotion recorded at regular intervals/response to signal sent on a quasi-random schedule, or whenever designated events occur
use phone to send reminders

71
Q

evaluate diary study method of studying emotions

A

increased ecological validity (experience recorded in context of daily life) less issues of memory recall, examines change over time
but ppt burden= biased toward high motivation and conscientious ppts so a low response rate

72
Q

explain affect grid for measuring emotion

A

based on 2 dimensions - pleasure and arousal continuums
single items scale to measure action

73
Q

evaluate affect grid method for measuring emotion

A

better than multiple items questionnaire (time consuming, inappropriate with repeat trial)
but requires training respondents

74
Q

name 3 non-linguistic alternative measures for measuring emotion

A

neuroimaging, physiological measures (HR, BP, sweating and skin conductance), recording facial expression

75
Q

evaluate using neuroimaging as non-linguistic measures of emotion

A

restrictive environment in scanner to elicit emotion, need validation from self reports
emotion is complex and likely to use network of brain regions

76
Q

evaluate non-linguistic alternative physiological measures of studying emotions

A

pleasure and arousal seem to be related to physiological responses, but mapping to particular emotion is imprecise, cannot distinguish all of emotion

77
Q

evaluate non-linguistic alternative measures of recording facial expression when studying emotion

A

coding of behaviour to analyse emotion is complex, facial expressions sensitive to persons valence of emotional state
facial expression is not always direct reflection of internal state

78
Q

name linguistic alternative measures for studying emotion

A

cognitive measures
qualitative accounts
peer reports
sentiment analysis from text

79
Q

outline cognitive measures of studying emotion

A

stroop style task to assess nonconsicous accessibility of emotions

80
Q

outline qualitative accounts of studying emotion

A

interview, focus group, diary entries
rich data but idiographic/person centered so it are hard to generalise

81
Q

evaluate peer report as measure of emotions

A

no access to persons internal experience, subjective, requires good knowledge of the person

82
Q

whats a weakness of sentiment analysis from text when studying emotion

A

contextual ambiguity

83
Q

how best should emotions be studied

A

by multi method approach, choice depending on RQ
no gold standard measures and all are relevant, its not possible to capture construct of emotion with single measure alone

84
Q

outline emotion elicitation in research example

A

film clips eliciting specific emotion, International Affect Picture System IIAPS (pictures normatively rated on dimensions of pleasure dominance arousal)i

85
Q

give a research study on effectiveness of affect induction

A

ppts randomly assigned to pleasant/un affect groups, underwent 4 different affect induction procedures (recall of salient event and music, viewing images and music, guided imagery, posing face/voice/body)
found all4 effective in inducing affective state (image+music was most effective)

86
Q

define, and give the 3 reasons for Schadenfreude

A

pleasure taken in anothers misfortune
- envy, feeling other deserves to suffer, feeling inferior

87
Q

how is Schadenfreude used in emotion research

A

emotion carry positive or negative social consequences and is selected using political, or moral norms. it has clear social dimension, so experimentally induce an emotion and measure

88
Q
A

PSY1001 SEMESTER 2 (10 decks)

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