PSY1001 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 5 Flashcards
define health behaviour
any activity undertaken for purpose of preventing or detecting disease or improving health and wellbeing
what does health behaviours include
apply knowledge about social processes and relationships, attitude and behaviour change to understand and promote health with reducing risk behaviour, health promotion, coping, stress
give examples for protective (positive), risky (negative) health behaviour
protective = wearing helmet when cycling
risky = sedentary lifestyle, drinks to excess
why can health behaviours be difficult to change
habit, come with immediate cost, delayed gratification, maximise immediate reward ignore long term benefit
reinforcement from social environment and peers
what can some individual differences be in contributions to health hehaviour
demographic, emotional, social, genetic, cognitions, access to health care, personality
list key health behaviours which is target
sedentary lifestyle, smoking, nutrition, alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity
what 3 aspects does social cognitions for health behaviour include
beliefs, attitudes, knowledge
name 3 social cognitive models that can target health behaviours
theory of planned behaviour, social norms theory, protection motivation theory
define binge drinking
> 8units in single session (men), >6units (women)
brief outline for theory of planned behaviour
behaviour determined by intention (intentions are proximal predictor)
attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control contributes to intention
apply ToPB for binge drinking
attitude = binge drinking is bad/harmful
subjective norm = others disapprove of my binge drinking
PBC = i have control of potentially binge drinking next week
intention = its likely i will
behaviour = actually/or not
how effective is ToPB to predict binge drinking? (Norman & Conner, 2006)
no significant effect of subjective norm, but intention, self-efficacy (PBC), past behaviour significantly predicted
how effective is ToPB to reduce binge drinking? (Norman et al, 2019)
undergrad students given ToPB messages on target belief (resist pressure of binge drinking) and measured attitude, subjective norm, self-efficacy, PBC, inteion, past behaviours
RESULTS = ToPB result in more neg cognitions for binge drinking (weaker intentions, negative attitude) but no effect on action
targeting ToPB constructs changes attitude, norm, self efficacy and intention but need more to bridge intention beh gaps
explain social norms theory
stems from ToPB, focusing on subjective norms
an individuals behaviour is influenced by perceptions of how peers think/act
- not actual behaviour
apply social norm theory in predicting binge drinking
overestimate norm = overestimates alcohol consumption
perception of peer drinking predicts own beh - those who correctly identify amounts is more likely drink responsible
correct overestimation could reduce binge drinking
apply social norms theory to reducing binge drinking (Robinson et al, 2014)
gave norms message (correcting misperceptions)
ineffective for those who overestimated peer consumptions
not successful to increase intention to drink responsibly (message wasnt seen as credible, didnt match lived experience)
what is impact of personalised normative feedback (SNT) for binge drinking - Neighbours et al, 2004
changed perceived drinking norm, reductions at 3/6 month follow up
explain protection motivation theory
maladaptive response = threat appraisal (stem from intrinsic/extrinsic reward, perceived severity of threat, and vulnerability to threat) cause protection motivation and behaviour
adaptive responses = coping appraisal (stem from response efficacy, self efficacy and response cost) lead to protection motivation and behaviour
(protection motivation theory) describe threat appraisal, applications in smoking
focus on source of threat, factors increases/decreases probability of maladaptive responses
extrinsic/intrinsic reward = smoking makes me feel calm
perceived severity of threat = smoking makes me likely get cancer
probability of being vulnerable to threat = probably wont get cancer, mum smoked and didnt have cancer
(protection motivation theory) explain coping appraisal and apply to smoking
response efficacy = efficacy of health behaviour for dealing with threat “smoked for 10 years if I quit now, won’t impact”
self-efficacy = i tried but cant quit
response costs “I i stop i wont be so sociable”
(protection motivation theory) explain protection motivation, and apply to smoking
intention to perform a recommended behaviour
result from above appraisals, positive function of severity percept, vulnerability, response and self-efficacy, negative funciton of perception of rewards associated with maladaptive response and response costs of adaptive behaviour
(protection motivation theory) what is fear-drive model
fear act as driving force of motivation/trial behaviours
if fear evoked, motivated to reduce unpleasant emotions, following behavioural advice and is reinforced
but if follow advice and doesnt reduce fear then use maladaptive coping mechanism for reducing fears
(protection motivation theory) why does threat alone backfire
feel under attack
(protection motivation theory) how can we use coping appraisals to stop smoking
assuring individual of response efficacy = quitting smoking reduces risks of cancer
increasing individuals self-efficacy = they are capable of quitting smoke
give 3 main components of fear appeals
message = address issue using critical fear amounts
audience = target those most at risks
recommended behaviours = give instruction on how to avoid risk
apply effectiveness of fear appeal for smoking (Dijkstra & Bos, 2015)
graphic fear appeal/text warning on cigarettes
measured fear, disgust, intention of quitting, actual quit
found fear appeal and low disengagement belief resulted in more intention to quit, but no significant actual quit
only when disengagement beliefs didnt interfere with appeal did they perceive level of threat as increased and caused effect on behaviours
evaluate fear appeals
- more effective when used for one time behaivours than repeat (eg: vaccination)
- more effective in women, more prevention focused
- arousing fear results in defense responses with denial beliefs
- only work if accompanying efficient message
- can also lead to critical evaluations of advice
- magnitude of event severity, probability of occurrence with no protective behaviours, and efficacy of recommended response is important in inducing actions
