PSY1001 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 5

Question 1

define health behaviour

Answer 1

any activity undertaken for purpose of preventing or detecting disease or improving health and wellbeing

Question 2

what does health behaviours include

Answer 2

apply knowledge about social processes and relationships, attitude and behaviour change to understand and promote health with reducing risk behaviour, health promotion, coping, stress

Question 3

give examples for protective (positive), risky (negative) health behaviour

Answer 3

protective = wearing helmet when cycling
risky = sedentary lifestyle, drinks to excess

Question 4

why can health behaviours be difficult to change

Answer 4

habit, come with immediate cost, delayed gratification, maximise immediate reward ignore long term benefit
reinforcement from social environment and peers

Question 5

what can some individual differences be in contributions to health hehaviour

Answer 5

demographic, emotional, social, genetic, cognitions, access to health care, personality

Question 6

list key health behaviours which is target

Answer 6

sedentary lifestyle, smoking, nutrition, alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity

Question 7

what 3 aspects does social cognitions for health behaviour include

Answer 7

beliefs, attitudes, knowledge

Question 8

name 3 social cognitive models that can target health behaviours

Answer 8

theory of planned behaviour, social norms theory, protection motivation theory

Question 9

define binge drinking

Answer 9

> 8units in single session (men), >6units (women)

Question 10

brief outline for theory of planned behaviour

Answer 10

behaviour determined by intention (intentions are proximal predictor)
attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control contributes to intention

Question 11

apply ToPB for binge drinking

Answer 11

attitude = binge drinking is bad/harmful
subjective norm = others disapprove of my binge drinking
PBC = i have control of potentially binge drinking next week
intention = its likely i will
behaviour = actually/or not

Question 12

how effective is ToPB to predict binge drinking? (Norman & Conner, 2006)

Answer 12

no significant effect of subjective norm, but intention, self-efficacy (PBC), past behaviour significantly predicted

Question 13

how effective is ToPB to reduce binge drinking? (Norman et al, 2019)

Answer 13

undergrad students given ToPB messages on target belief (resist pressure of binge drinking) and measured attitude, subjective norm, self-efficacy, PBC, inteion, past behaviours
RESULTS = ToPB result in more neg cognitions for binge drinking (weaker intentions, negative attitude) but no effect on action
targeting ToPB constructs changes attitude, norm, self efficacy and intention but need more to bridge intention beh gaps

Question 14

explain social norms theory

Answer 14

stems from ToPB, focusing on subjective norms
an individuals behaviour is influenced by perceptions of how peers think/act
- not actual behaviour

Question 15

apply social norm theory in predicting binge drinking

Answer 15

overestimate norm = overestimates alcohol consumption
perception of peer drinking predicts own beh - those who correctly identify amounts is more likely drink responsible
correct overestimation could reduce binge drinking

Question 16

apply social norms theory to reducing binge drinking (Robinson et al, 2014)

Answer 16

gave norms message (correcting misperceptions)
ineffective for those who overestimated peer consumptions
not successful to increase intention to drink responsibly (message wasnt seen as credible, didnt match lived experience)

Question 17

what is impact of personalised normative feedback (SNT) for binge drinking - Neighbours et al, 2004

Answer 17

changed perceived drinking norm, reductions at 3/6 month follow up

Question 18

explain protection motivation theory

Answer 18

maladaptive response = threat appraisal (stem from intrinsic/extrinsic reward, perceived severity of threat, and vulnerability to threat) cause protection motivation and behaviour
adaptive responses = coping appraisal (stem from response efficacy, self efficacy and response cost) lead to protection motivation and behaviour

Question 19

(protection motivation theory) describe threat appraisal, applications in smoking

Answer 19

focus on source of threat, factors increases/decreases probability of maladaptive responses
extrinsic/intrinsic reward = smoking makes me feel calm
perceived severity of threat = smoking makes me likely get cancer
probability of being vulnerable to threat = probably wont get cancer, mum smoked and didnt have cancer

Question 20

(protection motivation theory) explain coping appraisal and apply to smoking

Answer 20

response efficacy = efficacy of health behaviour for dealing with threat “smoked for 10 years if I quit now, won’t impact”
self-efficacy = i tried but cant quit
response costs “I i stop i wont be so sociable”

Question 21

(protection motivation theory) explain protection motivation, and apply to smoking

Answer 21

intention to perform a recommended behaviour
result from above appraisals, positive function of severity percept, vulnerability, response and self-efficacy, negative funciton of perception of rewards associated with maladaptive response and response costs of adaptive behaviour

Question 22

(protection motivation theory) what is fear-drive model

Answer 22

fear act as driving force of motivation/trial behaviours
if fear evoked, motivated to reduce unpleasant emotions, following behavioural advice and is reinforced
but if follow advice and doesnt reduce fear then use maladaptive coping mechanism for reducing fears

Question 23

(protection motivation theory) why does threat alone backfire

Answer 23

feel under attack

Question 24

(protection motivation theory) how can we use coping appraisals to stop smoking

Answer 24

assuring individual of response efficacy = quitting smoking reduces risks of cancer
increasing individuals self-efficacy = they are capable of quitting smoke

Question 25

give 3 main components of fear appeals

Answer 25

message = address issue using critical fear amounts
audience = target those most at risks
recommended behaviours = give instruction on how to avoid risk

Question 26

apply effectiveness of fear appeal for smoking (Dijkstra & Bos, 2015)

Answer 26

graphic fear appeal/text warning on cigarettes
measured fear, disgust, intention of quitting, actual quit
found fear appeal and low disengagement belief resulted in more intention to quit, but no significant actual quit
only when disengagement beliefs didnt interfere with appeal did they perceive level of threat as increased and caused effect on behaviours

Question 27

evaluate fear appeals

Answer 27

1. more effective when used for one time behaivours than repeat (eg: vaccination)
2. more effective in women, more prevention focused
3. arousing fear results in defense responses with denial beliefs
4. only work if accompanying efficient message
5. can also lead to critical evaluations of advice
6. magnitude of event severity, probability of occurrence with no protective behaviours, and efficacy of recommended response is important in inducing actions