PSY 3604-4

Question 1

Bayes’ Theorem

Answer 1

The probability of an event occurring based upon other event probabilities.

Question 2

Statistical vs Clinical prediction

Answer 2

Statistical is more reliable and accurate than clinical prediction. mechanical prediction preforms better/as well as clinical prediction

Question 3

Clinical Prediction

Answer 3

Not 100% reliable

Expert prediction relying on an understanding of the linkages between causes and effects.

Question 4

Mechanical Prediction

Answer 4

100% reliable, same inputs = same outputs

the application of empirically demonstrated statistical rules and probabilities to the computer generation of findings and recommendations

Question 5

The biometrical decomposition of phenotype

Answer 5

P = G + E + (G x E)
phenotype is a function of gene interaction and environmental interaction
P = G + E
P = (A+D+I) + (CE + NE + ME)
also shared environmental effects

Question 6

phenotypic variance

Answer 6

Observed individual differences, such as in height, weight, or personality.

Question 7

advantages of classification

Answer 7

provides nomenclature, allows structure, facilitates research, informs treatment interventions, has social and political implications

Question 8

disadvantages of classification

Answer 8

Loss of individual information

Stigma and stereotyping associated with diagnosis

Self-concept impacted by diagnostic labeling

Question 9

How do genes and environment contribute to familial similarity?

Question 10

How much of a genome or environment is shared by a mother and child? Siblings? Twins?

Question 11

Causation

Answer 11

Relationship in which the preceding variable causes the other(s).

Question 12

correlation

Answer 12

The tendency of two variables to change together. With positive correlation, as one variable goes up, so does the other; with negative correlation, one variable goes up as the other goes down.

Question 13

Observational studies

Answer 13

Researchers carefully and systematically observe and record behavior without interfering with behavior.

• Strengths can include external validity and a large sample size.
• Weaknesses can include poor causal inference (sometimes called internal validity)

Question 14

experimental studies

Answer 14

A design in which researchers manipulate an independent variable and measure a dependent variable to determine a cause-and-effect

Strengths can include improved causal inference (sometimes called internal
validity)
* Weaknesses can include poor external validity and limited large sample size.

Question 15

Quasi-experimental studies

Answer 15

An experiment in which investigators make use of control and experimental groups that already exist in the world at large. Also called a mixed design.

+Can provide strong evidence suggesting cause and effect relationships.

-Lack of random assignment can weaken conclusions

Question 16

Bouchard

Answer 16

scientific question: “How do genetic differences affect psychological differences?”
To answer this question, Bouchard got 54 sets of adult monozygotic twins, two sets of triplets that were reared apart, and 274 sets of adult monozygotic twins reared together to study their similarities and differences. The average age among the participants was 41; the reared-apart twins were separated after five months and separated for 30 years on average; all participants were mainly from the UK and the US. To study the reared apart and reared together, participants completed 50 hours of assessment, independently under supervision, that covered IQ, life history, a psychiatric interview, and sexual history. After this, a test is administered to measure their mental ability.
Findings: genetic factors are pivotal in behavior and general intelligence

Being raised in the same home is not essential for behavioral traits.

Question 17

Grove

Answer 17

Scientific Question: “mechanical and clinical methods, which one is more accurate?”
Design: To study this question, he used a meta-analysis study design. Meta-analysis is a statistical technique that combines the findings from individual studies.
Grove used data such as individual studies that predicted human behavior, made medical diagnoses, or assessed states and traits. Groves used a meta-analysis to compare the accuracy of clinical and mechanical prediction results because it would lead to more straightforward and concrete results.
Findings: that mechanical prediction performs as well or better than clinical.

Question 18

Information collected during clinical assessment

Answer 18

Physical appearance
Speech
Affect
Behavior appropriate to the setting