Psy 101 Sec 8.1 Flashcards
Motivation
Factors that activate, direct, and sustain goal-directed behavior.
Motives
Needs or wants that drive goaldirected behavior.
Instinctive Behaviors
Genetically programmed, innate patterns of response that are specific to members of a particular species.
Instinct theory
The belief that behavior is motivated by instinct.
Drive Theory
The belief that behavior is motivated by drives that arise from biological needs that demand satisfaction.
Need
A state of deprivation or deficiency.
Drive
A state of bodily tension, such as hunger or thirst, that arises from an unmet need.
Drive Reduction
Satisfaction of a drive.
Primary Drives
Innate drives, such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire, that arise from basic biological needs.
Secondary Drives
Drives that are learned or acquired through experience, such as the drive to achieve monetary wealth.
Stimulus Motives
Internal states that prompt inquisitive, stimulation-seeking, and exploratory behavior.
Arousal theory
The belief that whenever the level of stimulation dips below an organism’s optimal level, the organism seeks ways of increasing it.
Incentive Theory
The belief that our attraction to particular goals or objects motivates much of our behavior.
Incentives
Rewards or other stimuli that motivate us to act.
Psychosocial needs
Needs that reflect interpersonal aspects of motivation, such as the need for friendship or achievement.
Need for achievement
The need to excel in one’s endeavors.
Extrinisic Motivation
Motivation reflecting a desire for external rewards, such as wealth or the respect of others.
Intrinsic motivation
Motivation reflecting a desire for internal gratification, such as the self-satisfaction derived from accomplishing a particular goal.
Achievement Motivation
The motive or desire to achieve success.
Hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s concept that there is an order to human needs, which starts with basic biological needs and progresses to self-actualization.
Self-Actualization
The motive that drives individuals to express their unique capabilities and fulfill their potentials.
(a) ________ is the set of factors or internal processes that activate, direct, and sustain behavior toward the satisfaction of a need or the attainment of a goal.
a.) Motivation
Instinct theory proposes that behavior is motivated by (b) ________ programmed, species-specic, xed patterns of responses called instincts. Though this model may have value in explaining some forms of animal behavior, human behavior is too (c) ________ to be explained by instincts.
b.) Genetically c.) complex
(d) ________ theory asserts that animals are driven to satisfy unmet biological needs, such as hunger and thirst. The theory is limited, in part because it fails to account for motives involving the desire to (e) ________ states of arousal. According to (f) ________ theory, the optimal level of arousal varies from person to person. To maintain arousal at an (g) ________ level, some people seek exciting, even potentially dangerous, activities, while others seek more tranquil ones. (h) ________ theory focuses on the “pull,” or lure, of goals or objects that we perceive as attractive, whereas (i) ________ theory focuses on the “push” of unmet biological needs.
d.) drive
e.) increase
f.) arousal
g.) optimal
h.) incentive
I.) drive
(j) ________ needs are distinctly human needs that are based on psychological rather than biological factors. They include the need for social relationships and the need for (k) ________. People with a high need for achievement are hard-driving and ambitious. They set challenging but (l) ________ goals for themselves. They accomplish more than people with similar abilities and opportunities but a lower need for achievement.
j.) Psychosocial
k.) achievement
I.) realistic
Maslow believed we are motivated to meet more basic (m) ________ needs, such as hunger and thirst, before fullling higher psychological needs. His hierarchy comprises ve levels of need organized from bottom to top: physiological needs, safety and security needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and (n) ________-needs.
m. ) Biological
n. ) self- actualization
The strength of the “pull” that a goal or reward exerts on our behavior is called its __________ __________.
Incentive Values
What types of motives prompt exploration of the environment and manipulation of objects, especially novel or unusual objects?
Stimulus Motives
What is the term used to describe factors that activate, direct, and sustain goal-directed behavior?
Motivation
