Psy 101 9.3 Flashcards
Temperament
temperament A characteristic style of behavior or disposition.
imprinting
The formation of a strong bond of the newborn animal to the first moving object seen after birth.
Authoritative style parenting
Authoritative parents set reasonable limits for their children but are not overcontrolling.The parent is the authority figure, firm but understanding,
Authoritarian style.
Authoritarian parents are rigid and overcontrolling. They expect and demand unquestioned obedience from their children.
Permissive style.
Permissive parents have an “anything goes” attitude toward raising their children. They may respond affectionately to children but be extremely lax in setting limits and imposing discipline.
Schema
To Piaget, a mental framework for understanding or acting on the environment.
adaption
To Piaget, the process of adjustment that enables people to function more effectively in meeting the demands they face in the environment.
Assimilation
To Piaget, the process of incorporating new objects or situations into existing schemas.
baby sucking on the cup or finger
Assimilation is adaptive when new objects t existing schemas, as when the infant sucks on the nipple of a baby bottle for the first time rather than the mother’s breast.
accommodation
To Piaget, the process of creating new schemas or modifying existing ones to account for new objects or experiences.
object permanence
The recognition that objects continue to exist even if they have disappeared from sight.
Symbolic representations
A term referring to the use of words to represent (name) objects and describe experiences.
egocentrism
To Piaget, the tendency to see the world only from one’s own perspective.
Animistic thinking
To Piaget, the child’s belief that inanimate objects have living qualities.
irreversibility
To Piaget, the inability to reverse the direction of a sequence of events to their starting point.For example, if a three-year-old boy sees someone flatten a ball of play dough, he will not understand that the dough can easily be reformed into a ball.
centration
To Piaget, the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation at a time. The child sees only the taller glass and thinks its more water
conservation
In Piaget’s theory, the ability to recognize that the quantity or amount of an object remains constant despite superficial changes in its outward appearance.
formal operations
The level of full cognitive maturity in Piaget’s theory, characterized by the ability to think in abstract terms.
zone of proximal development (ZPD)
In Vygotsky’s theory, the range between children’s present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they receive proper guidance and instruction.
The three types of temperment are the (a) ________ child, the difcult child, and the (b) ________ child. Easy children have generally positive moods, react well to changes, and quickly develop regular feeding and sleep schedules.(c) ________ children have largely negative moods, react negatively to new situations and people, and have problems establishing regular feeding and sleep schedules. Slow-to-warm-up children tend to become (d) ________ when facing new situations, and experience mild levels of distress.
a. ) easy
b. ) slow-to-warm up
c. ) difficult
d. ) withdrawn
The three types of infant attachment styles are the secure type, the insecure-avoidant type, and the insecure-resistant type. The (e) ________ type of infant attaches to the mother and uses her as a secure base to explore the environment. The insecure-(f) ________ type freely explores the environment but tends to ignore the mother. The insecure-(g) ________ type clings excessively to the mother but shows ambivalence or resistance toward her.
e. ) secure
f. ) avoidant
g. ) resistant
(h) ________ parents expect mature behavior, use reasoning, and set rm limits. (i) ________ parents set rm limits but are overly controlling and rely on harsh styles of discipline. (j) ________ parents have an “anything goes” style characterized by a lax approach to limit setting.
h.) authoritative
I.) authoritarian
j.) permissive
Erikson’s stages are (1) trust versus (k) ________ (birth to 1 year), (2) (l) ________ versus shame and doubt (ages 1 to 3), (3) initiative versus (m) ________ (ages 3 to 6), and (4) (n) ________ versus inferiority (ages 6 to 12).
k. ) mistrust
l. ) autonomy
m. ) guilt
n. ) industry
In Piaget’s theory, children in the sensorimotor stage, from birth to about 2 years, explore their world through their (o) ________, motor responses, and purposeful manipulation of objects. During the preoperational stage, from about 2 to 7 years of age, the child’s thinking is more representational but is limited by centration, egocentricity, (p) ________ thinking, and irreversibility. The concrete operational stage, beginning around age 7 in Western cultures, is characterized by development of the principle of (q) ________ and the ability to draw logical relationships among concrete objects or events. The formal operational stage, the most advanced stage of cognitive development according to Piaget, is characterized by the ability to engage in (r) ________ thinking, generate hypotheses, and engage in abstract thought.
o. ) senses
p. ) animistic
q. ) conservation
r. ) deductive
Unlike the developmental concept of bonding, attachment a. occurs in the hours of contact immediately after birth. b. takes time to develop, at least over the course of infancy. c. does not seem to be as crucial to a young child’s well-being. d. refers to the parent’s ties to the infant.
b. takes time to develop, at least over the course of infancy
In which of the following stages in Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development do children compare their abilities to those of their friends and classmates? a. Stage 1: trust versus mistrust b. Stage 2: autonomy versus shame and doubt c. Stage 3: initiative versus guilt d. Stage 4: industry versus inferiority
Stage 4: industry versus inferiority
In which stage does Piaget suggest a child learns by interacting with the environment through using his or her senses and developing motor skills? a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operational a. formal operational
a. sensorimotor
What are the stages and their order?
Sensorimotor stage, birth to 2 years > Preoperational stage 2 to 7, concrete operational stage 7 to 11, formal operational stage
Sensorimotor stage
Piaget used the term sensorimotor because the infant explores its world by using its senses and applying its developing motor skills (body movement and hand control). The infant’s intelligence is expressed through action and purposeful manipulation of objects.
4 months does not have object permanence, but at 8 months it does
Preoperational Stage:
2 to 7 years old During this period, however, extraordinary growth occurs in the ability to form mental or symbolic representations of the world, especially with the use of language. Specically, a child forms symbolic representations of objects and experiences by naming or describing them in words.
the preoperational child demonstrates egocentrism, the tendency to view the world only from one’s own point of view.
Animistic thinking, irreversibility, centration
Concrete Operational Stage: 7 to 11 Years.
The stage of concrete operations is marked by the development of conservation.
formal Operational Stage
The stage of formal operations is the final one in Piaget’s theory—the stage of full cognitive maturity.
The level of full cognitive maturity in Piaget’s theory, characterized by the ability to think in abstract terms.
Trust Versus Mistrust
The first psychosocial challenge the infant faces is the development of a sense of trust toward its social environment.
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Building a sense of independence and self-control
Initiative versus guilt
Learning to initiate actions and carry them out
Industry versus inferiority
Becoming productive and involved
