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Microbiology > Protozoa > Flashcards

Protozoa Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four organisms that cause malaria?

A

1) Plasmodium falciparum- causes severe malaria
2) Plasmodium vivvax
3) Plasmodium ovale
4) Plasmodium malariae

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2
Q

What is important to know about Plasmodium falciparum?

A

1) It causes the most severe malaria with symptoms of renal failure, cerebral symptoms, pulmonary edema, and severe anemia
2) Greater virulence

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3
Q

Why does Plasmodium falciparum cause a more severe pneumonia? (4 total)

A

1) It can infect rbcs of any age
2) Produces PfEMP1 protein that binds to rbc ligands (CD 36, ICAM-1)
3) Stimulates the production of cytokines, NO, and expression of PfEMP1 receptors
4) Antigenic variation of PfEMP1

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4
Q

How does Plasmodium vivax enter rbcs?

A

Duffy blood antigen

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5
Q

What are some presenting symptoms of a pt. with malaria due to P. falciparum?

A

1) Splenomegally (eventually leading to fibrosis)
2) Liver enlargement
3) Presence of parasite within macrophages in various tissue (bone marrow, liver, spleen)
4) Malignant cerebral malaria
5) Fever (due to increase in cytokines)
6) Hypoxic lesions in heart and other areas (NO production and adherence of rbcs to vessel wall)

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6
Q

What organism has the diagnostic Maltese cross appearance within rbcs?

A

Babesia

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7
Q

What are causes of Host Resistance to Plasmodium?

A

1) Inherited alterations (HbS, HbC, absence of duffy antigen)
2) Increased immune response over prolonged exposure

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8
Q

Protozoan that causes vaginitis; causes amine odor “fishy smell”

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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9
Q

Treatment for Trichomonas

A

Metronidazole

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10
Q

Describe the life cycle of Plasmodium

A

1) sporozite is transferred from female mosquito to human host
2) sporozite is carried to the live and infects hepatocyte
3) in hepatocyte sporozite divides into a merozite
4) liver cell bursts releasing merozites
5) merozites invade rbcs
6) merozites in the rbcs develop into throphozite
7) throphozite divides into many merozites
8) merozites burst from rbcs

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11
Q

When do fevers, chills, and anemia manifest in the life cycle of plasmodium?

A

When merozites burst from rbcs

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12
Q

What is the most severe species of plasmodium?

A

P. Falciparum

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13
Q

What is a major complication of P. falciparum?

A

1) P. Falciparum causes knobs on rbcs which results in them sticking to venule/capillary walls
2) May result in occlusion or hemorrhage in the vascular urge of the brain, kidneys and lungs

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14
Q

What is the treatment for malaria (plasmodium infx.)?

A

Chloroquine

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15
Q

Non-flagellated Protozoa within macrophages; flagellated outside of macrophages

A

Leishmania donovani

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16
Q

Protozoan transferred by sand fly; once engulfed by macrophage it divides and destroys the cell; eventually leads to damage of liver, spleen, and bone marrow; also weakens immune system; causes hyperpigmented skin lesions and massive hepatosplenomegally

A

Leishmania donovani

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17
Q

Cause of watery diarrhea; fecal oral transmission of oocysts release; found in immunocompromised

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

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18
Q

What is the life cycle of Cryptosporidium?

A

1) Ingestion of oocyst
2) Oocyst release sporozoites
3) Sporozoites differentiate trophozoites and attach to the intestinal microvilli

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19
Q

Bloody diarrhea by protozoan

A

Entamoeba histolytica

20
Q

Steatorrhea by protozoan

A

Giardia lamblia

21
Q

Wattery diarrhea by protozoan

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

22
Q

Treatment for Giardia lamblia

A

Metronidazole

23
Q

Trophozoite that attaches to duodenal wall via suction disks (no invasion); presence of csyts or trophozoites in stool

A

Giardia lamblia

24
Q

Protozoan that ingests RBCs; fecal oral tranmission; bloody diarrhea

A

Entamoeba histolytica

25
Q

Flagellated protozoan in blood, nonflagellated in cardiac muscle; transferred via bug bite and enters blood via host scratching; transfered via Reduviid bug

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

26
Q

What are complications of T. cruzi infection?

A

1) Congestive heart failure
2) Dilated cardiomyopathy
3) Cardiac arrhythmias
4) Megacolon
5) Dysphagia

27
Q

What is a positive Romana’s sign? What protozoan causes this?

A

1) Soft tissue and lymphoid swelling around the eyes

2) T. cruzi

28
Q

Causes of Sleeping sickness? What is the cause?

A

1) Trypanosoma Brucei

2) Changes surface coat antigenic variation to evade immune response and infect the CNS

29
Q

Cause of West African Sleeping Sickness? East African Sleeping Sickness?

A

1) West = T. b. gambiense

2) East = T. b. rhodesiense

30
Q

Crescent shaped trophozoite within macrophages; generally infection is associated with immunocompromised pt.; acquired by ingestion of under cooked meat or cat feces

A

Toxoplasma gondii

31
Q

What protozoan is ingested as a cyst and in the intestines becomes its invasive form; penetrates intestinal wall and is phagocytized and spreads throughout the body; results in the formation of cyts

A

Toxoplasma gondii

32
Q

What happens to an asymptomatic cyst formed by Toxoplasma gondii when pt. becomes immunocompromised?

A

1) Cysts rupture and release invasive form
2) Results in encephalitis, chorioretinitis
3) If in pregnancy can causes congenital toxoplasmosis

33
Q

Most common cause of encephalitis in HIV pt?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

34
Q

HIV pt alarmed by persistent watery diarrhea. Pt. visited a farm before diarrhea started. Positive acid fast stain for oocysts.

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

35
Q

Baby with hydrocephalus, intracranial clacifications, and chorioretinitis. What should you think?

A

Toxoplasmosis infection

36
Q

Treatment for Toxoplasmosis

A

Pyrimethamine and Sulfadizaine

37
Q

HIV pt. with ring enhancing lesions on MRI for head

A

Toxoplasmosis

38
Q

Pt. just got back from Africa and has had fever, chills, and sweating that occur every 48 hours

A

P. vivax or ovale

39
Q

Plasmodium that establish a latent hepatic infection in the form of hypnozoites

A

P. vivax or ovale

40
Q

Flask shaped ulcer

A

Entamoeba histolytica

41
Q

What is the classic triad for toxoplasmosis

A

1) Chorioretinitis
2) Hydrocephalus
3) Intracranial calcifications

42
Q

Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitits

A

Naegleria fowleria

43
Q

Enlarged lymph nodes, recurring fever, somnolence, and coma

A

African Sleeping sickness

44
Q

What plasmodium has a 72hr cycle?

A

Plasmodium malariae

45
Q

Treatment for malaria

A

1) Chlorquine -blocks heme polymerase

46
Q

When do you use primaquine for malaria treatment? Quinidine?

A

1) Primaquine for hypnozoites of vivax/ovale

2) Quinidine for life threatening

47
Q

Fever, hemolytic anemia; presence of a Maltese cross; common in Northeastern US

A

Babesia

Microbiology (10 decks)

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