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General Micro Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bacteria that are the cause of neonate meningits

A
  1. Group B Streptococcus agalactiae
  2. L. monocytogenes
  3. E. coli
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2
Q

Bacteria that cause menigitis at 6 mos

A
  1. Nesseria meniginitidis

2. H. influenzae type B

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3
Q

CSF that is positive for increased protein, PMNs, increased pressure, and decreased glucose

A

Bacterial infection

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4
Q

CSF that is normal/increased proteins, lymphocytes, nrml pressure, and nrml glucose

A

Viral infection

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5
Q

CSF that is increased in proteins, lymphocytes, increased pressure, and increased glucose

A

Fungal (C. neoformans)

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6
Q

Cause of Rheumatic fever

A

Group A beta hemolytic streptococcus pyogenes

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7
Q

How do you differentiate between Strep and Staph

A 
Staph = + catalase
Strep = - catalase
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8
Q

Endocarditis associated with IV drug use

A

Staph aureus (often tricuspid valve)

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9
Q

Endocarditis associated with prosthetic valve

A

Staph epidermidis

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10
Q

Pleomorhic Gram negative that causes both pneumonia and meningitis in children (>6 months old); also conjunctivitis and otitis media

A

H. influenzae

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11
Q

Virulence Factors of H. influenzae

A

Capsule
Pili
Anit-IgA protease

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12
Q

Diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumonia

A

Pneumonia (brown sputum/localized)
Adult meningitis
Otitis media

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13
Q

Most common bacterial cause of exacerbation of COPD; 2nd most common?

A

H. influenzae; Moraxella catarrhalis

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14
Q

Most common causes of otitis media (3 bacteria)

A

Streptococcus pneumonia, Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae

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15
Q

Virulent factors of Staphylococcus aureus

A 
Protein A- binds to IgG Fc region
Exotoxins (exofoliatin - scaled skin syndrome, TSST-1)
Hemolysin
Leukocidins
Penicillin binding protein
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16
Q

Pneumonia (thick, gelatinous sputum) most common in alcoholics

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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17
Q

Diseases Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A 
BE PSEUDO
Burn wound infections
Endocarditis
Pneumonia assoc. with CF pt.
External otitis
Urinary tract infections
Diabetic osteomyelitis
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18
Q

What can be diagnosed by cold agglutinins?

A

Mycoplasma pneumona

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19
Q

Name the two fungi like bacteria

A

Nocardia and Actinomycetes

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20
Q

What presents with pt. exposed to Candida albicans that are immune normal

A

oral thrush, vaginitis, and diaper rash

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21
Q

What presents with pt. exposed to Candida albicans that are immunocompromised

A

Disseminations, esophagitis, and the features seen in normal hosts

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22
Q

Anaerobic Gram positive rod normal flora that is fungal like with a beaded, filamentous appearance and sulfur granule findings

A

Actinomycetes israelii

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23
Q

Treatment for Nocardia? Actinomyces?

A

SNAP
Sulfa (bactrim) = nocardia
Actinomycetes = Penicillin

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24
Q

Fungi that appear as pseudohyphae

A

Candida albicans

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25
Q

Gram positive rod that is not a normal flora. Acid fast

A

Nocardia aasteroides

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26
Q

What does H1N1 pertain to?

A

H1N1 refers to the type A influenzae virus which has two proteins that give it its variability. H= hemagglutinin and N = neuraminidase

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27
Q

What is the cause of fever of unknown origin?

A

Myobacterium avium-intracellulare

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28
Q

Facultative intracellular organisms

A 
Listen Sall Yer Friend Bruce Must Leave
Listeria
Salmonella
Yersinia
Francisella
Brucella
Myobacterium
Legionella
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29
Q

Obligate intracellular organsisms

A

Chlamydia and Ricketssia

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30
Q

What is the cause of a gelatinous sputum? Why?

A

Klebsiella. Klebsiella has a capsule that is very gelationous

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31
Q

Beta hemolysis findings; Alpha hemolysis findings

A 
beta = clear
alpha = green
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32
Q

What is a Quellung reaction? What is used to identify?

A

Quellung reaction is the use of antibodies that identify antigenic capsule of Strep. pnuemo. Findings show swelling of the bacterial capsule

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33
Q

What type of streptococcus is optichin negative?

A

Streptococcus viridans

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34
Q

Organism that lack a cell wall and cause an atypical community acquired pneumonia

A

Mycoplasma pneumonia

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35
Q

Found in pt. with less than 50 CD4 count

A

CMV and Myobacterium avium complex

36
Q

Found in pt. with a 50-200 CD4 count

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci

37
Q

Acid fast bacteria that is a facultative intracellular ogranism

A

Myobacterium tuberculosis

38
Q

Where is the first place that systemic miliary tuberculosis occurs?

A

Adrenals causing Addison’s disease

39
Q

What is a Ghon complex and at what point of TB is it found?

A

A Ghon complex consists of a caseated granuloma and lymphadenopathy of a hilar lymph node; It is generally found in primary tuberculosis

40
Q

What occurs in secondary tuberculosis

A

Secondary tuberculosis occurs by reactivation or re-exposure to M. tuberculosis. Generally there is already a heightened response to the microorganism so granulmas form and cavitate. These cavitations can also erode

41
Q

India ink

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

42
Q

Silver stain

A

Legionella pneumophelia and Heliobacter

43
Q

Bacteria that have capsules

A

think: SHiNE SKiS
1) Streptococcus pneumoniae
2) Haemophilus influenzae
3) Neisseria meningitidis
4) E. coli
5) Salmonella
6) Klebsiella pneumoniae
7) Streptococcus agalactae

44
Q

How do capsules work as a virulence factor?

A

Block phagocytosis

45
Q

Catalase positive bacteria

A

think: PLACESS for your cats
1) Pseudomonas
2) Listeria
3) Aspergillus
4) Candida
5) E. coli
6) Staphylococcus
7) Serratia

46
Q

Bacteria with IgA proteases

A

think: SHiN
1) Streptococcus pneumonaie
2) H. influenzae
3) Neisseria meningitidis

47
Q

What causes Palm and sole rashes?

A

think: CARS
1) Coxsackie A virus
2) Ricketsia ricketii
3) Syphilis (trepenoma pallidum)

48
Q

What bacteria have toxins that increase the level of cAMP

A

think: cAMP
1) cholera (Vibrio cholera)
2) Anthrax -Edematous factor (Bacilus anthracis)
3) Montezuma’s revenge (ETEC)
4) Pertusis (Bordetella pertusis)

49
Q

Name the viral class for each of the following hepatitis viruses:

1) HAV
2) HBV
3) HCV
4) HDV
5) HEV

A

1) Picorno (+ssRNA) - acute, asymptomatic, passed fecal/oral
2) Hepadna (dsDNA) - chronic, passed parenterally
3) Flavi (+ssRNA) - chronic, passed parenterally
4) Delta virus (RNA) - defective without HBV, passed parenterally
5) Hepe virus (RNA) - passed fecal oral

50
Q

Causes of bloody diarrhea?

A

1) EHEC
2) Shigella
3) Yersenia enterocolitica
4) Clostridium difficile (pseudomembranous)
5) EIEC
6) Salmonella entoritis
7) Entomeba histolytica
8) Campylobacter

51
Q

Causes of watery diarrhea?

A

1) ETEC
2) Bacillus cereus
3) Vibrio cholerae
4) Giardia lambia
5) Cryptosporidium
6) Norovirus (calci +ssRNA)
7) Rotavirus (reo dsRNA)

52
Q

Bacteria that appear like an appendicitis?

A

1) Yersinia enterolitica
2) Campylobacter jejuni
3) Salmonella enteroritis

53
Q

Osteomyeltits is most likely caused by _______ when:

1) No history
2) Sexually active
3) Diabetes/IV drugs
4) Sickle cell
5) Prosthetic replacement
6) Vertebral disease
7) Cat/dog bites or scratches

A

1) Staphylococcus aurues
2) Nesseria gonorrhea
3) Pseudomonas
4) Salmonella
5) Staphylococcus epidermidis
6) Myobacterium tuberculosis
7) Pasteurella multocida

54
Q

What are the ToRCHeS infections?

A

1) Toxoplasmosis
2) Rubella
3) CMV
4) HIV
5) Herpes simplex virus-2
6) Syphilis

55
Q

Neonate with Choriortinitis, hydrocephalus, and intracranial calcifications in a new born

A

Toxoplasmosis gondii

56
Q

Neonate with PDA/pulmonary artery hypoplasia, cataracts, and deafness; may have blueberry muffin rash

A

Rubella

57
Q

Neonate with Hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash

A

CMV

58
Q

Neonate with encephalitis, herpetic lesions

A

HSV-2

59
Q

Nenoate with notched teeth, saddle nose, short maxilla, saber shins, and deafness

A

Syphilis

60
Q

Proteins of Influenza A

A

1) Neuramindase - binds to mucin

2) Hemagglutinin - binds to sialic acid on rbcs

61
Q

DNA viruses

A

think: HHAPPPy
1) Herpes
2) Hepadna
3) Adeno
4) Papova
5) Parvo
6) Pox

62
Q

Positive stranded RNA virus

A

think: Calcified emporor pico is wearing a corona and toga eating flavorful grapes in a retro bowl

1) Calici
2) Picorna
3) Corona
4) Toga
5) Flavi
6) Retro

63
Q

Negative stranded RNA virus

A

think: Old Pete’s rhabid dog filo fights paul bunyan in the arena

1) Orthomyxo
2) Paramyxo
3) Rhabdo
4) Filo
5) Bunya
6) Arena

64
Q

DS RNA virus

A

Reoviridae

65
Q

Viruses that cause the common cold

A

1) Rhinovirus and coronaviridae

66
Q

Cause of common cold in babies

A

Respiratory syncitial virus (paramyxo virus)

67
Q

Associated with oral herpes simplex virus; also infects the eyes; transmitted via saliva

A

HSV-1

68
Q

Associated with genital herpes simplex virus; Positive Tzanck smear; multi-nucleate giant cells with intranuclear inclusions bodies; has the ability to cross the placenta

A

HSV-2

69
Q

What type of ulcers are present in a Herpes Simplex infection?

A

Shallow, painful ulcerations

70
Q

Paramyoxo virus that cause a disease that manifests with red based lesions with blue/white centers in the mouth along with rashes

A

Rubeola virus (measles)

71
Q

Virus that causes Kaposi Sarcoma

A

HHV-8

72
Q

What will you almost always see in histology with an HPV infection?

A

Koilocytic change

73
Q

Most common cause of aseptic meningitis?

A

Enteroviruses (RNA virus)

1) Coxsackievirus
2) Echovirus
3) Poliovirus

74
Q

Pt. from Pakistan complains of difficulty walking. Had headache, fever, and feeling weak for 2-3 days. Weakness in right leg and decreased DTRs on right. Lumbar puncture shows viral RNA from CSF. No Hx of vaccinations. What should you think?

A

Poliovirus

75
Q

How are enteroviruses (coxsackievirus, echovirus, and poliovirus) transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral route

76
Q

How does poliovirus affect the body?

A

1) Attacks the anterior horns of the spinal cord resulting in loss of lower motor function
2) Can also cause meningitis

77
Q

Exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes by crossing over within regions of significant base sequence homology

A

Recombination

78
Q

When viruses with segmented genomes exchange segments. What is this commonly observed in?

A

1) Reassortment

2) Influenza virus

79
Q

What type of vaccine induces both humoral and cell mediate immunity? just humoral?

A

1) Live attenuated

2) Killed

80
Q

Killed viruses

A

think: RIP Always
1) Rabies
2) Influenza
3) Polio (salk)
4) HAV

81
Q

Where do DNA viruses replicate? Where do RNA viruses replicate?

A

1) Nucleus (except poxvirus)

2) Cytoplasm (except influenza and retrovirus)

82
Q

Naked viruses

A

think: give PAPP smears and CPR to a naked person
1) Papillomavirus (dsDNA)
2) Adenovirus (dsDNA)
3) Picornavirus (pos. ssRNA)
4) Calcivirus (pos. ssRNA)
5) Parvovirus (dsDNA)
6) Reovirus (dsRNA)

83
Q

What DNA virus is not iscosahedral?

A

1) Pox

84
Q

Uptake of naked DNA by a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell; or as viral DNA being incorporated into host cell

A

Transformation

85
Q

Inhibition by one virus of the replication and/or release of a second virus in the same cell

A

Interference

Microbiology (10 decks)

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