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Gram Negative Flashcards

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1
Q

Gram negative, diplococci; glucose oxidizer; grows on Thayer-Martin media; causes STD; high variability of microbial antigenic structure

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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2
Q

Gram negative, diplococci; glucose and maltose oxidizer; grows on Thayer-Martin media; causes petecial rash, meningitis, and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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3
Q

Gram negative rod; lactose non-fermenter; produces H2S; motile; cause of gastroenteritis; gained from undercooked chicken or turtles

A

Salmonella etneritidis

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4
Q

Treatment for Salmonella enteritidis

A

fluid and electrolytes

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5
Q

What antigen is found on the flagella of Salmonella enteritidis?

A

H antigen

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6
Q

Gram negative rod, non-lactose fermenter, H2S producer, cause of thyphoid fever

A

Salmonella typhi

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7
Q

what is the path of infection for Salmonella typhi?

A

1) Fecal-oral route
2) Taken up by macrophages in the peyer’s patches
3) Spread via phagocytes to gallbladder, liver, and spleen
4) Releases its endotoxin causing rose spots, fever, diarrhea, and abdominal pain

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8
Q

Rose spots, fever, diarrhea, and abdominal pain

A

Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi

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9
Q

What is the carrier state found in Salmonella typhi?

A

1) It is where Salmonella that entered phagocytes and travel to the gallbladder remain their
2) They may reenter the bowel lumen and spread through feces

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10
Q

What do sickle cell pt. get with a Salmonella typhi infection?

A

Osteomyelitis

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11
Q

Gram negative bacteria; lactose fermenter; pili and flagella present; capsule present; May cause UTI or enteritis; contracted from hamburger meat

A

Escherichia coli

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12
Q

E. coli that adhere to GI tract but do not invade; produce heat labile toxin/ heat stabile toxin (similar to cholera toxin); causes watery diarrhea

A

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

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13
Q

E. coli that adhere to GI tract; secrete Shiga-like toxins; causes inflammtation and bleeding; does not ferment sorbitol and does not produce glucuronidase

A

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

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14
Q

What happens when Shiga-like toxins enter the blood stream?

A

Hemolytic uremic Syndrome- causes damage to the kidneys

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15
Q

Fever, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure; occurs after diarrheal/flu symptoms

A

Typical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

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16
Q

Gram negative rod; lactose fermenter; large capsule; causes currant jelly sputum; atypical pneumonia; may also causes UTI

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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17
Q

Common bacteria found in alcoholics; results in atypical pneumonia

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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18
Q

What is the treatment for Klebsiella

A

3rd gen cephalosporin

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19
Q

Gram negative diplococci; oxidase positive; has specialized pili and capsule; causes otitis media, sinusitis, and pneumonia

A

Moraxella catarrhalis

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20
Q

2nd most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in COPD pt.

A

Moraxella catarrhalis

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21
Q

Otitis media, sinusitis, and pneumonia

A

Moraxella catarrhalis

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22
Q

Gram negative rod; does not ferment lactose, oxidase negative, does not produce H2S and non motile; causes bloody diarrhea

A

Shigella dysenteriae

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23
Q

How does the Shiga toxin work?

A

It inactivates 60s ribosomes

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24
Q

Gram negative rod, does not ferment lactose, oxidase negative, urease positive; motile with many flagella

A

Proteus mirabilis

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25
Q

What can proteus mirabilis cause?

A

1) Struvite stones

2) UTI (alkaline urine)

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26
Q

How are struvite stones formed?

A

1) Formed in increased pH due to urease activity of P. mirabilis
2) Urease splits urea to ammonium

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27
Q

Gram negative rod, non-lactose fermenter, oxidase positive, glucose fermenter; rice water diarrhea; comma shaped, single flagella; able to grow in alkaline rich medium

A

Vibrio cholerae

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28
Q

How does the cholera toxin work?

A

1) Increases Gs protein causing adenylate cyclase to be active increasing cAMP
2) Results in increased secretion of Cl leading to increased water loss

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29
Q

Gram negative rod, non-lactose fermenter, oxidase positive, non-glucose fermenter; blue-green colonies; burn wounds, endocarditis, pneumonia, external otitis, diabetic osteomylitis

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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30
Q

Gram negative rod; non-lactose fermenter, mobile at 25 and non-mobile at 37; causes bloody diarrhea and mesenteric adenitis; may cause appendicitis like pain

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

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31
Q

Where does Yersinia enterocolitica localize?

A

Terminal ileum and then may travel to mesenteric lymph nodes by lymphatics

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32
Q

Gram negative, coccobacilli, pleomorphic; growth on charcoal yeast agar; causes pontiac fever and atypical pneumonia; naturally inhabits water reservoirs (air conditioners, cruise ships); causes hyponatremia with pneumonia

A

Legionella pneumophila

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33
Q

How does Legionella pneumophila causes Legionnaire’s disease?

A

1) Inhaled from respiratory devises/air conditioners
2) Adheres to respiratory epithelium via pilli
3) Phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages
4) Infected macrophages secrete neutrophil chemoattractants
5) Neutrophils arrive and form microabscesses

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34
Q

Acute flu-like illness lasting 2-5 days caused by a gram negative cocobacilli; may have gastric problems as well

A

Legionella pneumophila

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35
Q

Gram negative rod; cause of bubonic plague; has a capsular F-1 antigen that prevents phagocytosis; bipolar staining; resemble safety pin

A

Yersinia pestis

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36
Q

Describe the process of infection for Yersinia pestis

A

1) Transferred via tick
2) Phagocytized and tranported to regional lymph nodes
3) Regional lymphadenitis (buboes) occur in the groin
4) Intracellular replication occurs
5) Spread to liver, spleen, skin, and lungs
6) Endotoxin causes DIC
7) Cutaneous hemorrhagic necrosis causing black color

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37
Q

Gram negative rod with filamentous hemagglutin; growth on Bordet-Gengou medium; cause of whooping cough

A

Bordetella pertusis

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38
Q

How does Bordetella pertussis adhere to cilia of respiratory epithelium?

A

Filamentous hemaglutin

39
Q

How does the pertusis toxin decrease phagocytosis?

A

1) Pertusis toxin causes inactivation of the Gi protein resulting in uninhibited adenylate cyclase causing increased cAMP which causes lymphocytosis and decreased phagocytosis

40
Q

What are the three stages of whooping cough?

A

1) Catarrhal stage (1-2 weeks) - flu like symptoms
2) Paroxysmal stage (3 week - 2 months) intermittent bouts of many coughs on a single expiration followed by whooping
3) Recovery stage

41
Q

Cause of undulating fever

A

Brucella

42
Q

Fever that climbs during the day and declines at night

A

Undulating fever

43
Q

What is the most common cause to contract Brucella?

A

1) Ingestion of goat cheese

44
Q

Gram negative rod that requires cysteine for growth, facultative intracellular organism; cause of tularemias

A

Francisella tularenis

45
Q

Organism primarily passed by ticks in rabbits; devolps into ulcer with black base and lymphadenopathy

A

Francisella tularensis

46
Q

What are the clinical findings of a Bartonella henselae infx?

A

1) Regional lymphadenopathy
2) Fever of unknown origin
3) Ocular involvement
4) Hepatosplenomegaly

47
Q

Cause of Cat Scratch Disease

A

Bartonella henselae

48
Q

Gram negative coccobacilli; oxidase and catalse positive; contracted by animal bite; causes cellulitis and osteomyelitis

A

Pasteruella multocida

49
Q

Gram negative rod; urease positive, curved and small; increased risk of PUD

A

Helicobacter pylori

50
Q

Gram negative rod, S shaped; urease negative, curved and small; polar flagellum; causes blood or secretory diarrhea; grows best at 42 degrees

A

Campylobactor jejuni

51
Q

Gram negative rod; strict anaerobe; normal flora of the GI; causes abscesses when rupture occurs; abscess acts as reservoir for organisms

A

Bacterioides fragilis

52
Q

Only gram negative without endotoxin

A

Bacteroides fragilis

53
Q

Gram negative rod that requires chocolate agar for growth and factors V(NAD) and X(hematin); Positive Quellung test

A

think: when child has “flu” mom goes to five (V) and dime (X) shops to buy chocolate
Haemophilus influenzae

54
Q

How do inhaled H. influenzae get protection from IgA? What other organisms has this protection?

A

1) IgA protease

2) Neiserria meningitidis

55
Q

Cause of epiglottitis; otitis media; pneumonia; meningitis, septic arthritis, and cellulitis

A

Haemophilus influenzae

56
Q

Most common causes of meningitis in children 6 months to 6 years

A

1) Streptococcus pneumoniae
2) Nesseirria meningitidis
3) Haemophilus influenzae

57
Q

What are the structural characteristics of gram negative bacteria?

A

1) LPS is present

2) Thin cell wall

58
Q

What does LPS consist of?

A

1) Lipid A (endotoxin)

2) Polysaccharide

59
Q

Diagnostic test in which specific antiserum causes the capsule to swell

A

Quellung reaction

60
Q

Treatment for Haemophilus influenzae

A

Third generation cephalosporin (ceftriaxone)

61
Q

Treatment for Bacteroides fragilis?

A

1) Drain abscess

2) Tazobactam and Piperacillin

62
Q

Treatment of Campylobacter jejuni

A

1) Erythromycin (macrolide, inhibit 50s subunit)

2) Ciprofloxacin (Fluoroquinolone- DNA gyrase)

63
Q

What is the treatment of heliobacter pylori?

A

1) PPI + amoxicillin + clarithromycin

2) PPI + BMT

64
Q

Treatment for Haemophilus influenzae type b

A

1) third generation cephalosporin (ceftriaxone)

2) rifampin for prophylaxis

65
Q

Treatment for Moraxella catarrhalis

A

1) amoxicillin + clavulanate (beta lactamase inhibitor)

2) ceftriaxone

66
Q

Treatment for Klebsiella pneumoniae

A

Third generation cephalosporin

67
Q

Treatment for Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

1) ceftriaxone

68
Q

Treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

1) anti-pseudomonal penicillin + aminoglycoside

2) fluoroquinolone

69
Q

Treatment for legionella pneumophilla

A

1) Erythromycin (inhibits ribosome 50s subunit)

Think a “wreath” is laid down by the legionnaire’s grave

70
Q

Woman from Arkansas presents with a small persistent black ulcer. Axillary lymph nodes enlarged on same side. Believed to be caused by a tick bite that occurred while caring for rabbits

A

Francisella tularenis

71
Q

Woman has flu-like illness. She complains of a fever that rises during the day and peaks after dinner. Lymph nodes are enlarged. Woman ate goat cheese at a local French village?

A

Undulating fever + goat cheese =

Brucella infection

72
Q

Treatment for Proteus mirabilis?

A

TMP-SMX (inhibits formation of tetrahydrofolate; trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole)

73
Q

Treatment for UTI caused by E. coli?

A

TMP/SMX

74
Q

Treatment for meningitis/sepsis caused by E. coli?

A

Ceftriaxone

75
Q

Rice water diarrhea

A

Vibrio cholerae

76
Q

Treatment for Francisella tularensis?

A

1) Streptomycin (aminoglycoside)

77
Q

Cause of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

A

Neisseria meningitidis

78
Q

PRP (Polyribosyl-ribitol-phosphate)

A

H. influenzae

79
Q

What does H. influenze require for growth?

A

1) NAD

2) Hematin (blood)

80
Q

What is the function of IgA protease?

A

1) It facilitates mucosal penetrance

2) IgA is found in dimer form in the mucosa and prevents infiltration of organisms

81
Q

Complications of Pseudomonas

A

Think: BE PSEUDO

1) Burn infections
2) External otitis
3) Pneumonia
4) Endocarditis
5) UTI
5) Diabetic Osteomyelitis

82
Q

How does Pseudomonas exotoxin work? What gram positive exotoxin works similarly?

A

1) Exotoxin A inhibits EF2

2) Corynebacterium diphtheria

83
Q

Microorganism that is visualized with silver stain and demonstrates growth on media with cysteine and buffered by charcoal yeast extract agar

A

Legionella penumophila

84
Q

What gram negative bacteria are the lactose fermenters?

A

think: EKES! lactose!
1) E. coli
2) Klebsiella
3) Enterobacter
4) Serratia

85
Q

What gram negative bacteria are non-lactose fermenters and oxidase negative?

A

think: SSP
1) Shigella
2) Salmonella
3) Proteus mirabilis

86
Q

What gram negative bacteria are comma shaped

A

1) Vibrio cholera

2) Campylobacter jejunum

87
Q

What should you think with ecthyma gangrenosum (dark spots with black centers)

A

Pseudomonas

88
Q

What does Haemophilus type b cause speciically?

A

1) Sepsis
2) Meningitis
3) Pneumonia

89
Q

What can cause Bacillary angiomatosis

A

Bartonella hensalae

90
Q

Pt. presents with red-purple papular skin lesions that may also be found within the viscera. Fatal if untreated

A

Bacillary angiomatosis

91
Q

What results from consumption of raw oysters?

A

1) Vibrio parahaemolyticus

92
Q

Pneumonia with fever of 104, smoker, accompanied with diarrhea, confusion, and cough

A

Legionella pneumophelia

93
Q

Bacteria that causes hyponatermia

A

Legionella pneumophelia

Microbiology (10 decks)

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