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Entrance Biology > Protists and Fungi > Flashcards

Protists and Fungi Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Protists: Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?

A

They are unicellular eukaryotes.

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2
Q

How are protist cells covered?

A

-animal-like cell membranes, plant-like cell walls or a pellicle
-glassy silica-based shells

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3
Q

What is a pellicle?

A

-a cuticle
-hard protective outer layer of certain life forms
-functions like a flexible coat of armour

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4
Q

Nutrition modes of protists

A

-heterotrophs by phagocytosis; consume other organisms
-photoautotrophs via photosynthesis; have chloroplasts

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5
Q

How do protists move through environment?

A

-they are very motile and generate movement with cilia, flagella or pseudopodia

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6
Q

What does ‘amorphous’ mean?

A

-lacking a definite form or clear shape

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7
Q

What are ‘taxis’ in protists?

A

-organism movement in response to stimulus, similar to kinesis but more direct

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8
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

-call swallows particle by extending pseudopodia and drawing it in with a vacuole of cytoplasm
-vesicle with ingested particle is phagosome
-phagosome fuses lysosome to produce phagolysosome
-food particle is broken down into small molecules that diffuse into cytoplasm for cellular metabolism
-undigested stuff leave via exocytosis

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9
Q

What is a phagosome?

A

-membrane-bound vacuole within a cell
-contains material captured by phagocytosis

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10
Q

Cell forms of protists

A

-mostly microscopic and unicellular (eukaryotes)
-some are multicellular

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11
Q

Some protists live in colonies. How?

A

-group of free-living cells
-as a multicellular organism
-some protists are composed of multinucleate single cells that look like amorphous blobs of slime

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12
Q

Size range of protists

A

-from less than a micrometer to thousands of square meters

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13
Q

What are saprobes?

A

-subtypes of heterotrophs
-absorb nutrients from dead organisms or their organic wastes

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14
Q

What are mixotrophs?

A

-obtain nutrients both by photoautotrophic or heterotrophic ways depending on available resources

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15
Q

Motility of euglena

A

-one or more flagella
-rotate or wave to generate movement

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16
Q

Motility of paramecia

A

-covered in rows of tiny cilia
-beat to swim through liquids

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17
Q

Motility of amoeba

A

-pseudopodia that pull them forward

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18
Q

How are some protists called taxis?

A

-they can move towards or away from the stimulus
-e.g. phototaxis - movement towards light

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19
Q

Habitats of protists

A

-aquatic environment (like parameciaa)
-some are parasite (amoeba)
-some live on dead organisms and contribute to their decay

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20
Q

Protists and sources of nutrition

A

-some protists are consumed directly
-photosynthetic protists are sources of nutrition for other organisms

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21
Q

What are zooxanthellae?

A

-photosynthetic dinoflagellates
-use sunlight to fix inorganic carbon

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22
Q

Symbiotic relationship between zooxanthellae and corals?

A

-protists provide nutrients for corals that house them ;give corals energy to secrete a calcium carbonate skeleton
-corals provide with shelter and compounds needed for photosynthesis

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23
Q

What would happen to corals without dinoflagellates?

A

-they would lose algal pigments due to coral bleaching –> die

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24
Q

What feed on protists?

A

aquatic species

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25
Q

Anaerobic parabasalid

A

-protists
-exist in digestive tracts of termites and wood-eating cockroaches
-help in digestion of cellulose

26
Q

What are pathogenic parasites?

A

-protists that must infect other organisms to survive
-example- agents of malaria, Africa sleeping sickness and waterborne gastroenteritis in humans

27
Q

Plasmodium in vertebrates

A

-parasite that develop in liver cells and goes to infect RBCs

28
Q

P. falciparum

A

-PLasmodium species; 50% of all malaria cases –> destroy more than half of circulating blood cells –> severe anemia
-primary cause of disease related fatalities

29
Q

How is P.falciparum transmitted to humans?

A

-African malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae

30
Q

Trypanosoma brucei

A

-parasite responsible for African sleeping sickness
-confounds the immune system by changing its thick layer of surface glycoproteins with each infectious cycle

31
Q

How do fungi obtain carbon and nitrogen?

A

-heterotrophs; obtain carbon from other organic compounds
-obtain nitrogen from their diet

32
Q

How to fungi consume food: in terms of ingestion and digestion?

A

-digestion before ingestion
-exoenzymes are transported out of ‘hyphae’
-those enzymes process nutrients in the environment
-small molecules produced by external digestion are absorbed through surface of ‘mycelium’

33
Q

Polysaccharide storage in fungi and plants

A

-glycogen in animal cells and fungi
-starch in plants

34
Q

What do fungi feed on?

A

-they are ‘saprobes’
-feed on decaying organic matter like plant material
-exoenzymes can break down stuff like cellulose and lignin of dead wood into readily-absorbable glucose molecules
-they are parasitic

35
Q

What is a hypha (pleural: hyphae)

A

-long filament branching structure of fungus; main mode of vegatation growth

36
Q

What is mycelium?

A

-vegetative part of any fungus
-consist of branching threadlike hyphae often underground

37
Q

What is haustoria?

A

-specialized tissue in parasitic fungi
-penetrate into host’s body

38
Q

Habitats of enzymes

A

-most places esp. in dark moist conditions
-can thrive in hostile environments like the tundra

39
Q

Fungi’s role in ecology

A

-decomposers and recyclers

40
Q

Are fungi prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

-unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes
-have a membrane bound nucleus; DNA wrapped around histone proteins
-some fungi structures are similar to bacterial plasmids
-contain mitochondria and ER and Golgi, membrane bound organelles

41
Q

Colour pigments in fungi

A

-associated with the cell wall
-protect against UV and can be toxic

42
Q

What elements are found in fungal cell walls?

A

-complex polysaccharides called chitin and glucans (polymer of glucose)

43
Q

Where is chitin found?

A

-cell walls of fungi
-exoskeletons of insects

44
Q

What stabilize plasma membrane of fungi?

A

-ergosterol: steroid molecule like cholesterol in animal cell membranes

45
Q

Fungi can be dimorphic. What does it mean?

A

-can be unicellular or multicellular depending on environmental conditions

46
Q

Fungi can be dimorphic. What does it mean?

A

-can be unicellular or multicellular depending on environmental conditions

47
Q

What is septum in fungus?

A

-cell wall division between hyphae

48
Q

What is thallus?

A

-vegetative body of a fungus

49
Q

What is chitin?

A

-polymer of N-acetylglucosamine
-a polysaccharide
-found in exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls of fungi

50
Q

Reproduction of fungi

A

-sexually and/or asexually
-perfect fungi - both
-imperfect fungi - asexually by mitosis

51
Q

How do fungi reproduce asexually?

A

-through fragmentation, budding or producing spores

52
Q

Reproduction by fragmentation (asexual)

A

-mycelial fragmentation: mycelium separates into pieces

53
Q

Asexual reproduction by budding

A

-similar to cytokinesis
-bulge forms from inside of cell, nucleus divides mitotically, bud detaches from mother cell

54
Q

Asexual spore reproduction

A

-produced by one parent only through mitosis
-genetically identical
-allow fungi to expand distribution
-may be released from parent thallus either outside or within a special reproductive sac called a ‘sporangium’

55
Q

What is a sporangium?

A

-special reproductive sac in fungus

56
Q

Types of asexual spores

A

-conidiospores: uni/multicellular spores released directly from tip/side of hypha
-sporangiospores: in a sporangium

57
Q

sexual reproduction in fungi

A

-in response to adverse environmental conditions
-2 mating types are produced
-homothallic/self fertile : both mating types present in same mycelium
-heterothallic : require 2 different but compactible mycelia

58
Q

3 stages of fungul sexual reproduction

A
  1. plastogamy: 2 haploid cells fuse; lead to dikaryotic stage where 2 haploid nuclei coexist in a single cell
  2. karyogamy: haploid nuclei fuse to form diploid zygote nucleus
  3. meiosis: in gametangia organs; gametes are generated; spores are released
59
Q

How can fungi cause disease?

A
  • replication of fungus: invade tissues and disrupt function
    -immune response
    -competitive metabolism (from the host)
    -toxic metabolites
60
Q

Fungi in food

A

-mushrooms, yeast, blue cheese

61
Q

What acids do fungi produce?

A

-citric acid (vitamin C)

62
Q

One antibiotic fungi produce

A

-penicillin

Entrance Biology (23 decks)

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