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Entrance Biology > Protists and Fungi > Flashcards

Protists and Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

Protists: Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?

A

They are unicellular eukaryotes.

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2
Q

How are protist cells covered?

A

-animal-like cell membranes, plant-like cell walls or a pellicle
-glassy silica-based shells

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3
Q

What is a pellicle?

A

-a cuticle
-hard protective outer layer of certain life forms
-functions like a flexible coat of armour

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4
Q

Nutrition modes of protists

A

-heterotrophs by phagocytosis; consume other organisms
-photoautotrophs via photosynthesis; have chloroplasts

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5
Q

How do protists move through environment?

A

-they are very motile and generate movement with cilia, flagella or pseudopodia

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6
Q

What does ‘amorphous’ mean?

A

-lacking a definite form or clear shape

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7
Q

What are ‘taxis’ in protists?

A

-organism movement in response to stimulus, similar to kinesis but more direct

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8
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

-call swallows particle by extending pseudopodia and drawing it in with a vacuole of cytoplasm
-vesicle with ingested particle is phagosome
-phagosome fuses lysosome to produce phagolysosome
-food particle is broken down into small molecules that diffuse into cytoplasm for cellular metabolism
-undigested stuff leave via exocytosis

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9
Q

What is a phagosome?

A

-membrane-bound vacuole within a cell
-contains material captured by phagocytosis

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10
Q

Cell forms of protists

A

-mostly microscopic and unicellular (eukaryotes)
-some are multicellular

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11
Q

Some protists live in colonies. How?

A

-group of free-living cells
-as a multicellular organism
-some protists are composed of multinucleate single cells that look like amorphous blobs of slime

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12
Q

Size range of protists

A

-from less than a micrometer to thousands of square meters

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13
Q

What are saprobes?

A

-subtypes of heterotrophs
-absorb nutrients from dead organisms or their organic wastes

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14
Q

What are mixotrophs?

A

-obtain nutrients both by photoautotrophic or heterotrophic ways depending on available resources

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15
Q

Motility of euglena

A

-one or more flagella
-rotate or wave to generate movement

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16
Q

Motility of paramecia

A

-covered in rows of tiny cilia
-beat to swim through liquids

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17
Q

Motility of amoeba

A

-pseudopodia that pull them forward

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18
Q

How are some protists called taxis?

A

-they can move towards or away from the stimulus
-e.g. phototaxis - movement towards light

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19
Q

Habitats of protists

A

-aquatic environment (like parameciaa)
-some are parasite (amoeba)
-some live on dead organisms and contribute to their decay

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20
Q

Protists and sources of nutrition

A

-some protists are consumed directly
-photosynthetic protists are sources of nutrition for other organisms

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21
Q

What are zooxanthellae?

A

-photosynthetic dinoflagellates
-use sunlight to fix inorganic carbon

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22
Q

Symbiotic relationship between zooxanthellae and corals?

A

-protists provide nutrients for corals that house them ;give corals energy to secrete a calcium carbonate skeleton
-corals provide with shelter and compounds needed for photosynthesis

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23
Q

What would happen to corals without dinoflagellates?

A

-they would lose algal pigments due to coral bleaching –> die

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24
Q

What feed on protists?

A

aquatic species

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25
Anaerobic parabasalid
-protists -exist in digestive tracts of termites and wood-eating cockroaches -help in digestion of cellulose
26
What are pathogenic parasites?
-protists that must infect other organisms to survive -example- agents of malaria, Africa sleeping sickness and waterborne gastroenteritis in humans
27
Plasmodium in vertebrates
-parasite that develop in liver cells and goes to infect RBCs
28
P. falciparum
-PLasmodium species; 50% of all malaria cases --> destroy more than half of circulating blood cells --> severe anemia -primary cause of disease related fatalities
29
How is P.falciparum transmitted to humans?
-African malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae
30
Trypanosoma brucei
-parasite responsible for African sleeping sickness -confounds the immune system by changing its thick layer of surface glycoproteins with each infectious cycle
31
How do fungi obtain carbon and nitrogen?
-heterotrophs; obtain carbon from other organic compounds -obtain nitrogen from their diet
32
How to fungi consume food: in terms of ingestion and digestion?
-digestion before ingestion -exoenzymes are transported out of 'hyphae' -those enzymes process nutrients in the environment -small molecules produced by external digestion are absorbed through surface of 'mycelium'
33
Polysaccharide storage in fungi and plants
-glycogen in animal cells and fungi -starch in plants
34
What do fungi feed on?
-they are 'saprobes' -feed on decaying organic matter like plant material -exoenzymes can break down stuff like cellulose and lignin of dead wood into readily-absorbable glucose molecules -they are parasitic
35
What is a hypha (pleural: hyphae)
-long filament branching structure of fungus; main mode of vegatation growth
36
What is mycelium?
-vegetative part of any fungus -consist of branching threadlike hyphae often underground
37
What is haustoria?
-specialized tissue in parasitic fungi -penetrate into host's body
38
Habitats of enzymes
-most places esp. in dark moist conditions -can thrive in hostile environments like the tundra
39
Fungi's role in ecology
-decomposers and recyclers
40
Are fungi prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
-unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes -have a membrane bound nucleus; DNA wrapped around histone proteins -some fungi structures are similar to bacterial plasmids -contain mitochondria and ER and Golgi, membrane bound organelles
41
Colour pigments in fungi
-associated with the cell wall -protect against UV and can be toxic
42
What elements are found in fungal cell walls?
-complex polysaccharides called chitin and glucans (polymer of glucose)
43
Where is chitin found?
-cell walls of fungi -exoskeletons of insects
44
What stabilize plasma membrane of fungi?
-ergosterol: steroid molecule like cholesterol in animal cell membranes
45
Fungi can be dimorphic. What does it mean?
-can be unicellular or multicellular depending on environmental conditions
46
Fungi can be dimorphic. What does it mean?
-can be unicellular or multicellular depending on environmental conditions
47
What is septum in fungus?
-cell wall division between hyphae
48
What is thallus?
-vegetative body of a fungus
49
What is chitin?
-polymer of N-acetylglucosamine -a polysaccharide -found in exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls of fungi
50
Reproduction of fungi
-sexually and/or asexually -perfect fungi - both -imperfect fungi - asexually by mitosis
51
How do fungi reproduce asexually?
-through fragmentation, budding or producing spores
52
Reproduction by fragmentation (asexual)
-mycelial fragmentation: mycelium separates into pieces
53
Asexual reproduction by budding
-similar to cytokinesis -bulge forms from inside of cell, nucleus divides mitotically, bud detaches from mother cell
54
Asexual spore reproduction
-produced by one parent only through mitosis -genetically identical -allow fungi to expand distribution -may be released from parent thallus either outside or within a special reproductive sac called a 'sporangium'
55
What is a sporangium?
-special reproductive sac in fungus
56
Types of asexual spores
-conidiospores: uni/multicellular spores released directly from tip/side of hypha -sporangiospores: in a sporangium
57
sexual reproduction in fungi
-in response to adverse environmental conditions -2 mating types are produced -homothallic/self fertile : both mating types present in same mycelium -heterothallic : require 2 different but compactible mycelia
58
3 stages of fungul sexual reproduction
1. plastogamy: 2 haploid cells fuse; lead to dikaryotic stage where 2 haploid nuclei coexist in a single cell 2. karyogamy: haploid nuclei fuse to form diploid zygote nucleus 3. meiosis: in gametangia organs; gametes are generated; spores are released
59
How can fungi cause disease?
- replication of fungus: invade tissues and disrupt function -immune response -competitive metabolism (from the host) -toxic metabolites
60
Fungi in food
-mushrooms, yeast, blue cheese
61
What acids do fungi produce?
-citric acid (vitamin C)
62
One antibiotic fungi produce
-penicillin

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