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Entrance Biology > Digestive System (1) > Flashcards

Digestive System (1) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Two main groups of the digestive system

A
  1. alimentary canal (GI tract)
  2. accessory digestive organs
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2
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A
  • continuous muscular tube from mouth to anus
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3
Q

What does the alimentary canal do?

A
  • digests food by breaking it down into smaller fragments
  • absorbs digested nutrients into blood
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4
Q

Organs of the alimentary canal

A
  • mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
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5
Q

What are accessory digestive organs?

A
  • teeth, tongue, salivary glands
  • liver, gall bladder, pancreas
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6
Q

Main digestive processes in order

A
  1. ingestion
  2. propulsion
  3. mechanical breakdown
  4. digestion
  5. absorption
  6. defecation
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7
Q

What is ingestion?

A
  • taking food into digestive tract via mouth
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8
Q

What is propulsion?

A
  • moving food through alimentary canal by swallowing (voluntary) and peristalsis (involuntary)
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9
Q

What is peristalsis?

A
  • alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in organ walls
  • squeezes food along the tract with some mixing
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10
Q

What is mechanical breakdown?

A
  • increasing surface area of ingested food, preparing it for digestion by enzymes
  • include chewing, mixing food with saliva by tongue, churning in stomach, segmentation in small intestine
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11
Q

What is segmentation?

A
  • rhythmic local constrictions of small intestine, moving food toward and backward
  • mixes food with digestive juices and makes absorption more efficient
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12
Q

What is digestion generally?

A
  • catabolic steps in which enzymes secreted into alimentary canal break down food
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13
Q

What is absorption?

A
  • digested end products (vitamins, minerals, water) pass through lumen of alimentary canal into blood and lymph
  • through mucosal cells by active or passive transport
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14
Q

What is defecation?

A
  • elimination of ingestible substances via anus
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15
Q

One GI tract organ found in thorax

A
  • esophagus
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16
Q

Three GT tract organs located in abdominal cavity

A
  • stomach, small intestine, large intestine
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17
Q

Membranes in ventral body cavities

A

serous membranes

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18
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A
  • serous membrane that lines abdominal cavity
  • visceral peritoneum covers external surfaces of digestive organs, continuous with parietal peritoneum that lines body wall
  • between 2 peritoneums is peritoneal cavity
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19
Q

4 basic tunics (layers) of alimentary canal: innermost to outermost

A
  • mucosa (mucous membrane)
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • serosa
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20
Q

What is mucosa of alimentary canal made up of?

A
  • moist epithelial membrane with mucus secreting cells
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • mouth, esophagus and anus is stratified squamous epithelium
  • lamina propria underlines the epithelium; loose areolar connective tissue; nourishes epithelium and absorbs nutrients
  • muscularis mucosae is external to the lamina propria; smooth muscle cells produce local movements of mucosa
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21
Q

Function of the mucosa of alimentary canal

A
  • “secrete” mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones
  • “absorb” end products of digestion into blood
  • “protect” against infectious disease
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22
Q

Submucosa of the alimentary canal

A
  • areolar connective tissue
  • rich supply of blood, lymph vessels and nerve fibres
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23
Q

Muscularis externa of alimentary canal

A
  • responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
  • smooth muscle cells
  • inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
  • circular layers form sphincters
24
Q

Serosa of the alimentary canal

A
  • visceral peritoneum
  • areolar connective tissue covered with mesothelium
25
Q

only part of alimentary canal involved in ingestion

A
  • the mouth (oral cavity/buccal cavity)
26
Q

What lines the walls of the mouth?

A
  • thick stratified squamous epithelium
  • epithelium on gums, hard palate and tongue are slightly keratinized
27
Q

How does oral mucosa respond to injury?

A
  • produces antimicrobial peptides called defensins
28
Q

Function of lips and cheeks

A
  • help keep food between teeth when we chew
  • composed of skeletal muscle core covered externally by skin
29
Q

Muscles in lips

A

orbicularis oris muscle

30
Q

What is the palate?

A
  • roof of the mouth
  • anterior hard palate, posterior soft palate
31
Q

The hard palate

A
  • underlined by palatine bones and palatine processes of maxillae
  • forms rigid surface against which the tongue forces food during chewing
  • friction is created by corrugated mucosa on either side of its raphe (midline ridge)
32
Q

Midline ridge of the hard palate

A

raphe

33
Q

The soft palate

A
  • formed mostly of skeletal muscle
  • rises reflexively to close off nasopharynx when we swallow
34
Q

What is the tongue composed of?

A
  • interlacing bundles of skeletal muscles
35
Q

What does the tongue do?

A
  • grips food and constantly repositions it between teeth
  • mixes food with saliva to form a bolus
  • initiates swallowing by pushing bolus into the pharynx
  • helps us form consonants when we speak
36
Q

Function of the saliva

A
  • cleanses the mouth
  • dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted
  • moistens food and helps compact it into a bolus
  • enzymes for breakdown
37
Q

Major salivary glands

A
  • parotid, submandibular, sublingual
  • paired compound tubuloareolar glands
  • develop from oral mucosa
38
Q

Parotid gland

A
  • large, triangular salivary gland
  • anterior to the ear
    -mostly serous cells
39
Q

Submandibular gland

A
  • size of a walnut
  • lies along medial aspect of mandibular body
  • mucosa that doesnt produce mucus
    -mostly serous cells
40
Q

Sublingual gland

A
  • almond shaped
  • anterior to the submandibular gland under tongue
  • mostly mucous cells
41
Q

2 types of secretory cells in salivary glands

A
  • serous and mucus
42
Q

Why is saliva hypo-osmotic?

A
  • 97 to 99.5% water
43
Q

What does saliva’s osmolarity depend on?

A
  • active glands
  • stimulus for salivation
44
Q

pH of saliva

A
  • slightly acidic (6.75 to 7)
45
Q

solutes in saliva

A
  • electrolytes
  • digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase)
  • proteins like lysozyme
  • metabolic wastes
46
Q

How does saliva protect against microorganisms?

A
  • IgA antibodies
  • lysozyme: inhibits bacterial growth in mouth, prevent tooth decay
  • defensins: local antibiotics, call defensive cells into the mouth
47
Q

Milk Teeth/Baby Teeth

A

-deciduous teeth
- first, lower central incisors at 6 months
- other teeth erupt at one to two month intervals
- 20 in total

48
Q

Permanent teeth

A
  • 32 in total
49
Q

Incisors

A
  • cutting or nipping of food
50
Q

Canines

A
  • fang-like
  • tear, pierce
51
Q

Premolars (bicuspids) and molars

A
  • broad crowns with rounded cusps
  • grinding and crushing
52
Q

2 passageways pharynx

A
  • oropharynx
    -laryngopharynx
53
Q

Mucosa of the pharynx

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • mucus-producing glands
54
Q

Esophagus structure and function

A
  • muscular tube about 25 cm
  • collapsed when not involved in food propulsion
  • laryngopharynx -> epiglottis closes -> food routed posteriorly into larynx
55
Q

Mastication (Chewing)

A
  • cheeks and closed lips hold food between teeth
  • tongue mixes food with saliva to soften
  • teeth cut food
56
Q

Deglutition (Swallowing)

A
  • tongue -> bolus
57
Q

What is gut brain?

A
  • enteric nerve plexuses spread along GI tract
  • “in-house” control

Entrance Biology (23 decks)

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