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Entrance Biology > Prokaryotic Cells (Bacteria and Archaea) > Flashcards

Prokaryotic Cells (Bacteria and Archaea) Flashcards

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1
Q

Some examples of prokaryotes

A

bacteria and archea

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2
Q

type of chromosomes prokaryotes have

A

one circular chromosome

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3
Q

Some characteristics of prokaryotic cells

A

-no nuclear membrane
-plasma membrane acts as mitochondrial membrane
-organelles are absent
-genetic material in single circular chromosome
-no histone proteins (eukaryotes hmr pl shi)
-cell wall is made up of carbohydrates and amino acids (polysaccharides)
-divide asexually by binary fission, sexually by conjugation

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4
Q

Where is genetic material present?

A

-in a nucleoid (spherical, rod-shaped or spiral)
-single circular chromosome

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5
Q

What is capsule? What does it do?

A

-outer protection found in bacterial cells
-outside of the cell wall
-moisture retention, protection, attachment

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6
Q

What is the cell wall in prokaryotes?

A

-outer layer of cells that gives shape
-protects and prevents bursting

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7
Q

Component of cell walls in bacteria

A

-peptidoglycans => polymer of linked sugars and polypeptides

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8
Q

Unusual fact about peptidoglycans

A

-contains both L and D amino acids
-L is the common one in making proteins

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9
Q

Peptidoglycans are present in which prokaryotes?

A

-bacteria
-archaeal cell walls dont have them

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10
Q

What do archaeal cell walls have?

A

-pseudopeptidoglycan
-polysaccharides (sugars)

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11
Q

What is cytoplasm composed of?

A

-enzymes, salts and cell organelles

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12
Q

What does cell membrane (plasma membrane do)?

A

-surrounds cytoplasm
-regulate entry and exit of substances

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13
Q

What is plasma membrane made up of (bacteria)?

A

-phospholipid bilayer

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14
Q

What is phospholipid( bacteria)?

A

-lipid composed of glycerol molecule attached to hydrophilic phosphate head and 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails

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15
Q

What are pili?

A

-hair-like outgrowth used for attachment to surfaces

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16
Q

examples of bacterial pili

A
  1. sex pilus
    -allows DNA to transfer between 2 cells in conjugation process
  2. type IV pili
    -helps bacterium move in environment
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17
Q

What is a flagellum?

A

-structures that help with locomotion
-whip-like

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18
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

-involved in protein synthesis

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19
Q

What are plasmids?

A

-non-chromosomal double-stranded DNA structures/not involved in reproduction (extra chromosomal DNA)
-smaller than chromosomal DNA

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20
Q

What do plasmids do?

A

-carry genes for enzyme production

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21
Q

What is nucleoid region?

A

-where genetic material is present in prokaryotes
-does not have a membrane

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22
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

-thin filaments used for adhesion

23
Q

cell projections in prokaryotes

A

flagella, pili, fimbriae, cilia

24
Q

4 main components of prokaryotic cells?

A

-plasma membrane
-cytoplasm
-DNA
-ribosomes

25
Q

How do prokaryotes (bacteria) reproduce?

A

-asexually by binary fission
-sexually by conjugation

26
Q

Explain binary fission.

A

-Mature parent cells split into 2 identical daughter cells
-used for propagation (simple and fast)
-starts at replication origin and duplicate the genome
-duplicated genome segregate into two separate ends of cell
-plasma membrane grows inward to form a septum
-after septum formation, 2 daughter cells

27
Q

Explain conjugation.

A

-sexual reproduction method to directly transfer genetic material
-via conjugation tube or via direct contact
-two cells are donor cell and recipient cell
-plasmid of donor cell comes near the sex pilus and nicks from one point to become single stranded
-the strand goes into the recipient through the tube
-both cells covert the DNA into double strand by synthesizing complementary strand

28
Q

What do donor cells have?

A

-fertility factor (F factor) needed to develop the sex pilus

29
Q

Where are antibiotic resistant genes located?

A

-plasmid DNA of bacteria

30
Q

What are endospores?

A

-tough dormant structures, help bacteria survive during unfavorable conditions

31
Q

Where is archaeal cell found?

A

-extreme environment such as hot springs, soil, marshes, even human

32
Q

chromosomes in archaea

A

single circular chromosome (circular double stranded DNA)

33
Q

initiator tRNA in bacteria and archaea

A

bacteria- formyl-,methionine
archaea - methionine

34
Q

calvin cycle

A

-exist in bacteria
-none in archaea

35
Q

What is plasma membrane made up of in archaea?

A

-glycerol is linked with phytanyl units rather than fatty acids
-tends to be lipid monolayer some time

36
Q

2 major groups of bacteria

A

gram positive and gram negative based on gram stain reaction (used to determine the category based on the type of cell wall)

37
Q

cell wall of gram positive bacteria

A

-thick cell wall
-has teichoic acids

38
Q

cell wall of gram negative bacteria

A

-thin cell wall
-lipopolysaccharide and lipoproteins

39
Q

what are phototrophs

A

get energy from light/the sun

40
Q

what are chemotrophs

A

get energy from chemical compounds

41
Q

autotrophs

A

get energy by fixing carbon from carbon dioxide inorganic compounds

42
Q

heterotrophs

A

get carbon from organic compounds of other organisms

43
Q

nutrition mode of bacterium thiobacillus concretivorans

A

consume metal-melting sulfuric acid

44
Q

plants nutrition mode

A

photoautotrophs

45
Q

humans nutrition mode

A

chemoheterotrophs

46
Q

prokaryotes nutrition modes

A

all 4 categories
photoauto, photohetero, chemoauto, chemohetero

47
Q

what are obligate aerobes?

A

organisms that require oxygen for metabolism

48
Q

what are obligate anaerobes?

A

organisms that can’t tolerate oxygen and only perform anaerobic metabolism

49
Q

prokaryotic example of an obligate anaerobe

A

-bacterium called C. botulinum
-causes botulism (food poisoning) when it grows inside canned food because they multiply well inside sealed cans

50
Q

what are facultative anaerobes

A

-aerobic metabolism when O2 is there, anaerobic when theres no O2

51
Q

bacteria example of facultative anaerobes

A

bacteria that cause staph and strep infections

52
Q

what is carbon cycle?

A

physical cycle of carbon through earth’s biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere
-involved photosynthesis, decomposition, respiration and carbonification

53
Q

what is nitrogen cycle?

A

-atmospheric nitrogen is is converted to nitrogen oxides and deposited in the soil, is used by organisms and decomposed back to elemental nitrogen

54
Q

what is nitrogen fixation?

A

-conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and organic derivatives by soil microorganisms, made usable

Entrance Biology (23 decks)

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