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Entrance Biology > Digestive System (2) > Flashcards

Digestive System (2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is food converted into chyme?

A
  • chyme is a type of juice
  • food it converted into creamy chyme in stomach
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2
Q

What is the stomach?

A
  • temporary storage tank where chemical breakdown of proteins begin and food is converted into chyme
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3
Q

Where is stomach located?

A
  • upperleft quadrant of the peritoneal cavity, almost hidden by liver and diaphragm
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4
Q

Types of gland cells in the stomach

A
  • mucous neck cells
  • Parietal cells
  • chief cells
  • enteroendocrine cells
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5
Q

Mucous neck cells

A
  • scattered in “neck” and more basal regions of glands
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6
Q

What do parietal gland cells secrete?

A
  • HCl (hydrochloric acid)
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7
Q

Function of hydrochloric acid in stomach

A
  • makes stomach contents extremely acidic (pH 1.5 - 3.5)
  • necessary for activation and optimal activity of protein-digesting enzyme pepsin
  • acidity helps digest food by denaturing proteins and breaking down cell walls
  • kills bacteria ingested with food
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8
Q

Protein digesting enzyme in stomach

A
  • pepsin
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9
Q

Where are chief cells found in glands?

A
  • basal regions of gastric glands
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10
Q

Function of chief cells in glands

A
  • produce pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin)
  • produce lipases (fat-digesting enzymes)
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11
Q

What is the inactive form of pepsin?

A
  • pepsinogen
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12
Q

What are fat digesting enzymes called?

A
  • lipases
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13
Q

Where are enteroendocrine cells found in glands?

A
  • deep in the gastric glands
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14
Q

Function of enteroendocrine glands

A
  • release a variety of chemical messengers directly into the interstitial fluid of the lamina propria
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15
Q

Examples of chemical messengers released by enteroendocrine glands

A
  • local paracrines like histamine and serotonin
  • somatostatin which acts as paracrine locally and hormones that diffuse into the blood capillaries to influence several digestive system target organs
  • gastrin, a hormone which regulates stomach secretion and motility
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16
Q

What are paracrines?

A
  • endocrine hormones that impact nearby cells and tissues
  • not released into the bloodstream
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17
Q

Histamine hormone

A
  • produced in basophils
  • inflammatory responses
  • increases permeability of capillaries to WBCs
  • in stomach, aid production of gastric acid (enteroendocrine glands)
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18
Q

Serotonin hormone

A
  • 90% found in GI tract, 10% in brain
  • paracrine
  • inhibits gastric acid production
  • causes contraction of stomach muscles
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19
Q

Somatostatin hormone

A
  • works to inhibit release of other hormones
  • function in GI tract - reduces gastric secretion
  • function in pancreas - inhibits release of pancreatic hormones; insulin, glucagon, gastrin
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20
Q

Where does protein digestion begin in digestive system?

A
  • stomach
  • is the main type of enzymatic breakdown there
  • protein digesting enzyme is pepsin
  • HCl denatures the proteins in preparation
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21
Q

Hormones are produced by which cells in stomach?

A
  • enteroendocrine cells
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22
Q

Which nerves stimulate stomach secretion?

A
  • vagus nerves
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23
Q

Where does majority of digestive activity happen?

A
  • small intestine
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24
Q

Which organs’ secretion help small intestine digestive activity?

A
  • liver (bile) and pancreas (digestive enzymes in pancreatic juice)
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25
Q

longest part of alimentary canal

A
  • small intestine
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26
Q

3 subdivisions of small intestine

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
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27
Q

Duodenum

A
  • shortest subdivision of small intestine
  • about 10 inches long
  • curves around head of pancreas
  • bile duct and pancreatic duct unite with small intestine here
28
Q

Jejunum

A
  • subdivision of small intestine
  • 2.5 m (8 ft) long
  • extends from duodenum to ileum
29
Q

Ileum

A
  • subdivision of small intestine
  • 12 ft (3.6 m) in length
30
Q

Nerve fibres serving the small intestine

A
  • parasympathetics from vagus
  • sympathetic from thoracic splanchnic nerves
31
Q

Amount of daily intestinal juice

A
  • produced by glands in small intestine
  • 1 to 2L daily
32
Q

Stimulus for intestinal juice

A
  • hypertonic or acidic chyme -> causes distension or irritation of the intestinal mucosa
33
Q

pH of intestinal juice

A
  • 7.4 to 7.8; slightly alkaline
  • isotonic with blood plasma
34
Q

What does the intestinal juice consist of?

A
  • largely water with some mucus
  • mucus is secreted by duodenal glands and goblet cells of mucosa
  • enzyme-poor (enzymes are limited to bound enzymes of brush border)
35
Q

What are brush border enzymes?

A
  • enzymes embedded in microvilli of apical plasma membrane
36
Q

Role of liver in digestive system

A
  • produce bile for export to the duodenum
37
Q

What is bile?

A
  • fat emulsifier that breaks down fats into tiny particles to make them more digestible
  • yellow-gren alkaline solution
38
Q

Largest gland in the body

A
  • the liver
39
Q

How many primary lobes does liver have?

A
  • 4 primary lobes
40
Q

4 primary lobes of the liver

A
  • largest right lobe
  • smaller left lobe
  • posteriormost caudate lobe
  • qyadrate lobe inferior to left lobe
41
Q

Where is the gall bladder?

A
  • inferior surface of the right liver lobe
42
Q

Which duct supply bile to the duodenum?

A
  • common hepatic duct leave the liver and fuses with cystic duct draining the gall bladder to form “bile duct”
43
Q

Liver cells

A
  • hepatocytes
44
Q

Hepatic artery

A
  • supply oxygen rich blood to liver
45
Q

Function of hepatocytes

A
  • process blood-borne nutrients in various ways (store glucose as glycogen; use amino acids to make plasma proteins)
  • store fat soluble vitamins
  • detoxification (ridding the blood of ammonia and converting to urea)
46
Q

Composition of bile

A
  • bile salts, bile pigments
  • cholesterol
    -triglycerides
    -phospholipids
  • electrolytes
47
Q

Actual stuff in bile that aid digestion

A
  • bile salts and phospholipid
48
Q

Function of bile salts

A
  • separate large fat globules entering smol intestine into millions of smaller fat droplets for large surface area for enzymes
  • facilitate fat and cholesterol absorption
49
Q

Enterohepatic circulation for bile ducts

A

bile salts are
- reabsorbed into blood by ileum
- returned to liver via hepatic portal blood
- resecreted in newly formed bile

50
Q

Chief bile pigment

A
  • bilirubin (waste product of heme of hemoglobin formed during breakdown of worn out erythrocytes)
  • globin and iron parts are saved and recycled
  • bilirubin is absorbed from blood by liver cells, excreted into bile, metabolized in small intestine by bacteria
51
Q

What gives feces a brown colour?

A
  • stercobilin: breakdown product of bilirubin
  • in the absesnce of bile, feces is grey-white
52
Q

What is the gall bladder?

A
  • thin walled muscular sac about 10 cm long
  • inferior surface of liver
  • stores bile that is not immediately needed and concentrates it by absorbing water and ions from it
53
Q

Pancreas in the digestive system

A
  • produces enzymes that break down all categories of food stuff
54
Q

exocrine product of pancreas

A
  • pancreatic juice
  • drains from pancreas into duodenum via main pancreatic duct
  • fuses with bile duct as it enters duodenum
55
Q

Where does bile duct enter duodenum?

A
  • at hepatopancreatic ampulla
56
Q

mini endocrine glands in pancreas

A
  • pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans)
  • release insulin and glucagon; for carbohydrate metabolism
57
Q

composition of pancreatic juice

A
  • mainly water wiht enzymes and electrolytes (bicarbonate ions)
58
Q

Acinar cells

A
  • produce enzyme rich component of pancreatic juice
59
Q

high pH of pancreatic juice

A
  • helps neutralize acid chyme entering duodenum and provides optimal environment for intestinal and pancreatic enzymes
60
Q

protein-digesting enzymes in pancreas

A
  • proteases
  • release in inactive forms in pancreas
  • activated in the duodenum
61
Q

pancreatic enzymes secreted in active form

A
  • amyase, lipase, nucleases
62
Q

Absorption in small intestine

A
  • accomplished by absorptive cells with their rich crop of apical microvilli
63
Q

What do amylase, lipase and nuclease require for optimal activity?

A
  • for ions or bile to be there in the small intestine
64
Q

Accessory pancreatic duct opens at the

A

minor duodenal papilla

65
Q

How many premolars in adult?

A

8

66
Q

Common bile duct joins the

A

duodenum

Entrance Biology (23 decks)

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