Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Entrance Biology > Nutrition, Metabolism (Respiration+Fermentation), Body Temperature Regulation > Flashcards

Nutrition, Metabolism (Respiration+Fermentation), Body Temperature Regulation Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

energy value of food

A
  • kilocalories (kcal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

one calorie

A
  • amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by 1 degree celcius
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a nutrient?

A
  • a substance in food that the body uses to promote normal growth, maintenance and repair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

6 categories of nutrients

A
  • carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
  • vitamins, minerals
  • water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

major nutrients

A
  • carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What provide fibre? Why is fibre important?

A
  • insoluble fibre like cellulose in plants and veggies; increases bulk of stool, facilitates defecation
  • soluble fibres like pectin in apples and citrus fruits; reduces blood cholesterol level
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Use of glucose in body

A
  • carbohydrate monosaccharide
  • used a fuel to produce ATP; especially neurons and RBCs
  • fructose and galactose are converted to glucose first in liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens to excess glucose?

A
  • converted to glycogen or fat and stored
  • example, in the liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Uses of fats in body

A
  • triglycerides = fuels for hepatocytes and skeletal muscles
  • phospholipids = myelin sheaths and plasma membranes
  • fatty deposits in adipose tissue: protective tissue, insulating layer, fuel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What lipid plays a role in smooth muscle contraction?

A
  • prostaglandins (regulatory molecules formed from linoleic acid via arachidonic acid)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Uses of proteins in body

A
  • structural materials: keratin in skin; collagen, elastin in connective tissues; muscle proteins
  • enzymes and hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is nitogen balance in body?

A
  • body is in nitrogen balance when amount of nitrogen ingested in proteins equals the mount secreted in urine and feces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hormonal controls on protein synthesis

A
  • anabolic hormones accelerate it
  • pituitary GH stimulate tissue growth
  • sex hormones - growth spurt
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which hormones enhance protein breakdown and conversion of amino acids to glucose?

A
  • glucocorticoids released during stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are vitamins?

A
  • potent organic compunds needed in minute amounts for growth and good health
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are vitamins used for?

A
  • not for energy or as building blocks
  • helps body use nutrients for energy and building (carbo, proteins, fats)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are coenzymes?

A
  • vitamins that act with enzymes to accomplish a particular chemical task
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

vitamin B12 function in body

A
  • coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism
  • maturation of RBCs
  • function and development of brain and nerve cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vitamin B12 defeciency

A
  • anemia: not enough healthy RBCs
  • nervous system disorders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Vitamin for visuals

A

A

21
Q

Extreme excess of vitamin A

A
  • headache, irritation, vomiting, hair loss, “blurred vision”
22
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A
  • bone deformities
23
Q

Minerals in body

A
  • seven
  • Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg
  • phosphorus, potassium
  • sulfur, sodium
  • chlorine, calcium
  • magnesium
24
Q

Anabolism

A
  • reaction that “bulid”
25
Q

Catabolism

A
  • reaction that “break down”
26
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A
  • attachment of phosphate (PO3) to a molecule or ion
  • reverse is dephosphorylation
27
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A
  • the cytoplasm (cytosol)
28
Q

Where do Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur?

A
  • in the mitochondria
29
Q

3 metabolic phases of cellular respiratin

A
  • glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
30
Q

Summarize glycolysis

A
  • in cytoplasm
  • 10 steps
  • anaerobic process
  • glucose molecule broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
  • small amount of ATP released
31
Q

Summarize Citric Acid Cycle

A
  • pyruvic acid enters mitochondrial matrix
  • Krebs cycle decomposes it to carbon dioxide
  • ATP released
32
Q

Summarize electron transport chain

A
  • “energy rich electrons” are picked up by coenzymes and transferred to the chain built into cristae membrane
  • carries out “oxidative phosphorylation” = most ATP needed for cellular respiration is released here
33
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A
  • formation of glycogen from sugar (glucose)
  • liver and skeletal muscle cells
34
Q

Glycogenolysis

A
  • breakdown of glycogen to glucose (in fact, glucose 1 phosphate and glycogen)
  • happens when glucose levels drop
35
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A
  • process of forming glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules
  • happens in liver
  • when little glucose is available
  • glycerol and amino acids converted to glucose
36
Q

What is beta oxidation and where does it happen?

A
  • happens in mitochondria
  • initial phase of fatty acid oxidation
37
Q

Net result of beta oxidation

A
  • fatty acid chains are broken apart into 2 carbon acetic acid fragments
  • coenzymes are reduced
  • each acetic acid is fused to coenzyme A forming acetyl CoA
38
Q

Lipogenesis

A
  • conversion of fatty acids and glycerol into fats
  • when ATP and glucose are excess
  • acetyl CoA converted to triglyceride for storage
  • reverse = lipolysis
39
Q

Summarize carbohydrate metabolism

A
  • converts galactose/fructose to glucose
  • stores glucose as glycogen when glusoe is high (glycogenesis)
  • glycogenolysis: break down of glycogen
  • gluconeogenesis: converts aminoacids and glycerol to glucose
  • converts glucose to fats for storage
40
Q

Summarize fat metabolism

A
  • liver: primary site for beta oxidation; breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl CoA
  • converts excess acetyl CoA to ketone bodies
  • forms lipoproteins for transport of fatty acids fats and choleterol in vlood
  • synthesize cholesterol from acetyl CoA
41
Q

Summarize protein metabolism

A
  • converts amino acids to glucose for atp synthesis
    -forms urea for removal of ammonia
  • forms most plasma proteins
42
Q

What is radiation?

A
  • loss of heat in form of infrared waves (thermal energy)
43
Q

What is heat conduction?

A
  • transfer heat through direct contact
44
Q

What is heat convection?

A
  • warm air expands and rises while cool air falls because denser
45
Q

Processes that happen in liver

A
  • beta oxidation (breakdown of fatty acid to two acetyl CoA)
  • glycogenesis (formation of glycogen from glucose)
  • gluconeogenesis (glycerol and amino acids to glucose)
  • lipogenesis (conversion of fatty acids and glycerols into fats)
46
Q

Where are glucocorticoids produced and what do they do?

A
  • adrenal glands
  • enhance gluconeogenesis in liver
47
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A
  • anaerobic (doesn’t need oxygen)
48
Q

Where does lipogenesis happen?

A
  • liver and adipose tissue
49
Q

Vitamin that aids in nucleic acid metabolism

A
  • B12

Entrance Biology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions