Proteins/Enzymes Flashcards
Basic Structure of Amino Acid
Has a amino group on one end, and a carboxyl group on another end. There is also the R-group at the top. There is also a single hydrogen bonded
*make sure you know the full structure
4 Levels of Protein Organization
*include the shape and bonds at each level
- Primary: straight chain - peptide bonds
- Secondary: alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet - hydrogen bonds
- Tertiary: 3d shape that is a single chain folded upon itself - r group bonds
- Quaternary: two or more polypeptide chains bonded and folded together through R-group bonds forming a unique 3d shape - r group bonds/interactions
Difference between a polypeptide chain and protein
Polypeptides: are linear chains (polymers) of amino acids.
Protein: is the finished product. It has achieved at least a tertiary structure.
Enzyme
a protein molecule that speeds up reactions or catalyze reactions
Monomer = ?
Dimer = ?
Polymer = ?
Monomer = amino acid
Dimer = diptide
Polymer = polypeptides or protein
What is the carboxyl group and amino group referred to as in a amino acid?
C-terminus + N-terminus
Enzymatic Proteins - ?
Defensive Proteins - ?
Storage Proteins - ?
Transport Proteins - ?
Enzymatic Proteins - selective acceleration of chemical reactions
Defensive Proteins - protection against disease
Storage Proteins - storage of amino acids
Transport Proteins - transport of substances
Hormonal Proteins - ?
Contractile and Motor Proteins - ?
Receptor Proteins - ?
Structural Proteins - ?
Hormonal Proteins - coordination of an organism’s activities
Contractile and Motor Proteins - movement
Receptor Proteins - response of cell to chemical stimuli
Structural Proteins - provide support
Enzyme-substrate complex - ?
a temporary molecule formed when the substrate binds to the enzyme.
it basically the enzyme and the substrate when they are together.
How are enzymes reused and recycled?
After an enzyme is done with a reaction, they perform the same process with another molecule.
Ea Catalzed vs Ea Uncatalyzed on a graph
Ea Catalyzed is going to have less activation energy, so its curve’s height will appear smaller on a graph.
Ea Uncatalyzed will require more activation energy than Ea Catalyzed, so the curve’s height will apper taller on the graph.
Where will the high energy intermediate and the transition state be on a Activation Energy graph?
What is a transition state?
next to each other at the top hopefully
a state where old bonds break to form new ones.
Factors affecting enzyme activity
*yes, briefly explain all of them
Temperature - low temperatures make the enzyme slow, and high temperature denature it
pH - enzymes can only function in specific ph levels, if the ph levels are too high or too low, then the enzyme will become denatured. If there is just a little difference between the optimal level then it just slows down the enzyme activity.
Enzyme Concentration - if there are not enough substrates then the enzymes have nothing to bind too and stop its reactions.
Substrate Concentration - similar to enzyme concentration, if there aren’t enough enzymes to catalyze substrates then the substrate will just remain the way they are.
Competitive Inhibitors - a molecule with a similar structure will block the substrate from binding to the enzyme.
Coenzymes - a substance that enhances the actions of enzymes.
Basic Enzyme Structure
An enzyme has an active site that’s shape will fit whatever substrate it can catalyze.
What is a limiting factor?
When one of the factors is limited in supply which limits the other factors.
ex: when there is not enough substrates for all the enzymes
